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重点中学英语语法讲义-状语从句
日期:2017-09-15

重点中学英语语法讲义-状语从句

 一、概说

状语从句即指在主从复合句用作状语的从句。按照其意义,状语从句可分为时时间状语从句、地点状语从句、原因状语从句、目的状语从句、结果状语从句、条件状语从句、让步状语从句等。状语从句是高中英语学习中的一个语法重点,也是历年高考重点考查的内容之一。学习状语从句主要应注意引导状语从句的从属连词的用法与区别,以及从属连词在一定的语言环境中的意义与用法。

二、时间状语从句

1. 引导时间状语从句的从属连词

引导时间状语从句的从属连词很多,如较基本的有before, after, when, while, as, since, till, until, as soon as 等:

Things were different when I was a child. 我小时候情况与现在不同。

We must strike while the iron is hot. 我们要趁热打铁。

It’s a long time since I met you last. 从上次见到你,已有很长时间了。

He waited until she was about to leave. 他等着一直到她准备离开。

除以上基本的引导时间状语从句的从属连词外,还有些本来不是从属连词却可用作从属连词的词:

(1) 表示“一…就”的从属连词:the moment, the minute, the second, the instant, immediately, directly, instantly, once, no sooner…than, hardly…when等。如:

Immediately he came I told him the news. 他一来我就把消息告诉了他。

The moment I saw him I knew there was no hope. 我一看到他就知道没希望了。

We had no sooner set out than it began to rain. 我们刚出发就下雨了。

Once he arrives, we can start. 他一来我们就可以开始。

(2) 涉及time的几个从属连词:every time(每次),each time(每次),(the) next time(下次),any time(随时),the last time(上次),the first time(第一次)。如:

Every time I see her I’ll think of it. 每次我看到她,我就想起这事。

He felt nervous each time she spoke to him. 每次她和他讲话,他都感到紧张。

He didn’t tell me the last time I saw him. 我上次见到他时他没告诉我。

2. 时间状语从句与及其主句的时态

关于这个问题有两点值得注意:

(1) 当主句为将来时态或具有将来意义时,时间状语从句通常要用一般现在时表示将来意义,而不能直接使用将来时态:

Turn off the lights before you leave. 走前关灯。

I will tell him as soon as he arrives. 他一来我就告诉他。

(2) 与since 从句搭配的主句的时态通常是现在完成时态:

He has lived here since 1999. 自1999年以来,他就一直住在这儿。

Where have you been since I last saw you? 自我上次见到你之后你到哪里去了?

注:在特定的语言环境中有时也可能用过去完成时或一现在时:

It seems like years since we last met.  我们似乎几年未见面了。

Yesterday he told me that he hadn’t eaten anything since Tuesday. 他昨天告诉我自星期二以来他一直未吃任何东西。

三、条件状语从句

1. 引导条件状语从句的从属连词

主要的有if, unless, as [so] long as等:

You can leave now if you like. 如果你愿意现在就可以走了。

As long as it doesn’t rain we can go. 只要不下雨,我们就可以去。

注:除以上基本的引导条件状语从句的从属连词外,还有的动词尤其是其分词形式(如suppose, supposing, provided, providing等)和介词短语(如in case, on condition that等)也可用作连词表示条件:

If case I forget, please remind me about it. 万一我忘记,请提醒我一下。

I will come on condition (that) she is invited too. 如果邀请她来, 那我就来。

He may go with us provided [providing] he arrives in time. 他若及时到,就可以和我们一起走。

Suppose 和supposing 引导条件状语从句时,通常用于主句为疑问句的场合:

Suppose the boss saw you,what would he say? 如果老板看到你,他会怎样说?

Supposing he does not come, shall we go without him? 他若不来,是不是不带他去?

2. 条件状语从句的时态

当主句为将来时态或具有将来意时,条件状语从句通常要用一般现在时表示将来意义,而不能直接使用将来时态:

In case he comes, let me know. 如果他来,告诉我一声。

I’ll stay at home if it rains tomorrow. 要是明天下雨,我就呆在家里。

注:有时也可见到 if you will 这样的说法,但那不是将来时态,而是表示意愿或委婉的请求(此处的 will是情态动词):

If you will wait for a moment, I’ll go and tell the manager that you are here. 请等一下,我去告诉经理说你来了。

 

 


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