(5) 作定语

-ing分词作定语时，分两种情况。

a. 单个的动词—ing 形式作定语时，它总是位于被修饰的名词之前，说明被修饰名词的目的、用途或特征。如：

China is a developing country. 中国是一个发展中国家。

Would you please give me some writing paper? 请给一些书写纸好吗？

b. -ing分词接名词、代词或副词构成的短语作定语时，总是位于所修饰的名词之后，说明名词所处的状态或进行的动作。如：

The boy studying in the classroom is Li Lei. 在教室里学习的那个男孩是李蕾。

Don’t trouble the dog sleeping over there. 不要惹事生非。

(6) 作同位语

-ing分词作同位语时，位于同位的名词之后，且跟前面的名词用逗号隔开，表示前面名词的内容。如：

His idea, helping farmers get in their crops, interested us very much. 他那帮助农民收割庄稼的想法使我们很感兴趣。

The goal, making two thousand cars this mouth, excites the workers. 本月生产两千辆小汽车的目标使工人们很兴奋。

(7) 作状语

-ing分词在句子中做状语，表示谓语动词所发生的时间、原因、条件、让步、方式、伴随、目的、程度和结果。如：

a. 作时间状语

Having cleaned the house, she went on to help her mother pick apples. 把房子打扫后，她又继续帮助母亲摘苹果。

Having had his breakfast, he began to look for work again. 吃过早餐后，他又开始去寻找工作。

b. 作原因状语

Not knowing English, they found it very difficult to communicate with the people in America. 由于不懂英语，他发现在美国跟人们交流很困难。

Getting up late, he missed his early train. 由于起床晚了，他没有赶上早班火车。

c. 作条件状语

Living in a polluted environment, people may fall ill easily. 如果生活在受污染的环境中，人们很容易生病。

Loving others, you will be loved by others. 如果你爱他人，你就会得到他人的爱。

d. 作让步状语

Being at school or at home, she is a good girl. 不管是在学校还是在家，她都是个好姑娘。

Talking or acting, he is very honest. 无论是说话还是做事，他都很诚实。

e. 作方式状语

He went there riding his bike. 他骑单车去那里。

They make money selling fruits. 他们靠卖水果挣钱。

f. 作伴随状语

He used to sit there thinking. 过去他常坐在那里思考。

He walked along the river singing in a low voice. 他一边沿着河边走一边低声唱着歌儿。

g. 作目的状语。作目的状语的-ing分词一般是表示所从事的活动方面的动词，如：boating, climbing, fishing, hunting, riding, sailing, shopping, shooting, skating, skiing, swimming, walking, washing等(from www.hxen.com)。

I often go shopping with mother on Sundays. 星期天我常跟妈妈买东西。

Will you please go skating with me this afternoon? 今天下午跟我去滑冰好吗？