Older Volcanic Eruptions
Volcanoes were more destructive in ancient history, not because they were bigger, but because the carbon dioxide they released wiped out life with greater ease.
Paul Wignall from the University of Leeds was investigating the link between volcanic eruptions and mass extinctions. Not all volcanic eruptions killed off large numbers of animals, but all the mass extinctions over the past 300 million years coincided with huge formations of volcanic rock. To his surprise, the older the massive volcanic eruptions were, the more damage they seemed to do. He calculated the "killing efficiency" for these volcanoes by comparing the proportion of life they killed off with the volume of lava that they produced. He found that for size, older eruptions were at least 10 times as effective at wiping out life as their more recent rivals.
The Permian extinction, for example, which happened 250 million years ago, is marked by floods of volcanic rock in Siberia that cover an area roughly the size of western Europe. Those volcanoes are thought to have pumped out about 10 gigatones of carbon as carbon dioxide. The global warming that followed wiped out 80 percent of all marine genera at the time, and it took 5 million years for the planet to recover. Yet 60 million years ago, there was another huge amount of volcanic activity and global warming but no mass extinction. Some animals did disappear but things returned to normal within ten thousands of years. "The most recent ones hardly have an effect at all," Wignall says. He ignored the extinction which wiped out the dinosaurs 65 million years ago, because many scientists believe it was primarily caused by the impact of an asteroid. He thinks that older volcanoes had more killing power because more recent life forms were better adapted to dealing with increased levels of CO2.
Vincent Courtillot, director of the Paris Geophysical Institute in France, says that Wignall's idea is provocative. But he says it is incredibly hard to do these sorts of calculations. He points out that the killing power of volcanic eruptions depends on how long they lasted. And it is impossible to tell whether the huge blasts lasted for thousands or millions of years. He also adds that it is difficult to estimate how much lava prehistoric volcanoes produced, and that lava volume may not necessarily correspond to carbon dioxide emissions.
1. Why did older volcanic eruptions do more damage than more recent ones?
A. Because they killed off life more easily.
B. Because they were brighter.
C. Because they were larger.
D. Because they were hotter.
2. How did Wignall calculate the killing power of those older volcanic eruptions?
A. By estimating how long they lasted.
B. By counting the dinosaurs they killed.
C. By studying the chemical composition of lava.
D. By comparing the proportion of life wiped out with the volume of lava produced.
3. When did dinosaurs become extinct?
A. 300 million years ago.
B. 250 million years ago.
C. 60 million years ago.
D. 65 million years ago.
4. What can be inferred from Paragraph 3 concerning dinosaurs?
A. They were killed offby an asteroid.
B. They died of drastic climate change.
C. They were wiped off by a volcanic eruption.
D. The cause of their extinction has remained a controversial issue.
5. What is the main thesis of the article?
A. Volcanic eruptions are not always deadly.
B. Older volcanic eruptions were more destructive.
C. Carbon dioxide emissions often give rise to global warming.
D. It is not easy to calculate the killing power of a volcanic eruption.
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