2014年职称英语考试《卫生类A级》冲刺试卷(一)
日期:2014-03-17
第4部分：阅读理解(第31～45题，每题3分，共45分) 下面有3篇短文，每篇短文后有5道题。请根据短文内容，为每题确定1个最佳选项。
31、根据下列材料，回答31-45题
Effects of Environmental Pollution
If pollution continues to increase at the present rate, formation of aerosols (浮质) in the atmosphere will cause the onset (开始) of an ice age in about fifty years' time．This conclusion, reached by Dr．S.I．Rasool and Dr．S.H．Schneider of the United States Goddard Space Flight Centre, answers the apparently conflicting questions of whether an increase in the carbon dioxide (二氧化碳) content of the atmosphere will cause the Earth to warm up or increasing the aerosol content will cause it to cool down．The Americans have shown conclusively that the aerosol question is dominant.
Two specters haunting conservationists have been the prospect that environmental pollution might lead to the planet's becoming unbearably hot or colD．One of these ghosts has now been laiD．Because it seems that even an increase in the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere to eight times its present value will produce an increase in temperature of only 2 ℃, which would take place over several thousand years．But the other problem now looms larger than ever.
Aerosols are collections of small liquid or solid particles dispersed in air or some other medium．The particles are all so tiny that each is composed of only a few hundred atoms．Because of this they can float in the air for a very long time．Perhaps the most commonly experienced aerosol is industrial smog (烟雾) of the kind that plagued London in the 1950s and is an even greater problem in Los Angeles today．These collections of aerosols reflect the Sun's heat and thereby cause the Earth to cool.
Dr．Rasool and Dr．Schneider have calculated the exact effect of a dust aerosol layer just above the Earth's surface in the temperature of the planet．As the layer builds up, the present delicate balance between the amount of heat absorbed from the Sun and the amount radiated from the Earth is disturbed．The aerosol layer not only reflects much of the Sun's light but also transmits the infrared (红外线的 ) radiation from below．So, while the heat input to the surface drops, the loss of heat remains high until the planet cools to a new balanced state.
Within fifty years, if no steps are taken to stop the spread of aerosols in the atmosphere, a cooling of the Earth by as much as 3.5~C seems inevitable.If that lasts for only a few years it would start another ice age, and because the growing ice caps at each pole would themselves reflect much of the Sun's radiation it would probably continue to develop even if the aerosol layer were destroyeD．
The only bright spot in this gloomy forecast lies in the hope expressed by Dr．Rasool and Dr．Schneider that nuclear power may replace fossil fuels in time to prevent the aerosol content of the atmosphere from becoming critical.
The author's main purpose in writing the article is to warn of________.
A．warm weather
B．hot weather
C．a new ice age
D．a new iceberg
32、The word "specters" in the second paragraph is closest in meaning to________.
A．pollution.
B．carbon dioxide
C．aerosols
D．ghosts
33、We learn from the third paragraph that________.
A．London was plagued with rats in the 1950s
B．London is covered with smog today
C．London was polluted by smog in the 1950s
D．Los Angeles is as heavily polluted today as London was in the 1950s
34、What will happen if the dust aerosol layer develops?
A．The Earth will get extremely hot.
B．The balance between the amount of heat absorbed from the Sun and the amount lost could hardly be maintained．
C．The light of the Sun could no longer reach the surface of the Earth.
D．Infrared radiation could no longer be transmitted from the Earth to outer space.
35、The only way to stop the spread of aerosols in the atmosphere, according to Dr．Rasool and Dr．Schneider, is to use________.
A．fossil fuels
B．electric power
C．nuclear energy
D．coal power
36、回答36-50题：
Demand on Treatment Emphasized
AIDS programs in developing countries put too little emphasis on treatment．the World Health Organization(WHO) said Tuesday, asking for more small community—based clinics to be opened to treat HIV-infected people.
An estimated 36 million to 46 million people are living with AIDS, two—thirds of them in Africa, but only 440,000 people in developing countries were receiving treatment by the end of 2003，the UN health agency said in its annual report.
“Without treatment, all of them will die a premature and in most cases painful death,” the WHO said in the 169-page World Health Report.
WHO Director General Lee Jong-wook said community-based treatment should be added to disease prevention and care for sufferers in AIDS programs.
“Future generations will judge our time in large part by our response to the AIDS disease,” Lee said.
“By tackling it decisively we will also be building health systems that can meet the health needs of today and tomorrow．This is a historic opportunity we cannot afford to miss,” he added.
Anti retroviral drugs enable people hit by AIDS to live longer．The annual cost of treatment, which was about $10,000 when the drugs were first developed, has dropped to about $150.
Treatment programs also help AIDS prevention efforts, the report said, citing great demands for testing and counseling where treatment has been made available.
Good counseling in turn leads to more effective prevention in those who are uninfected, and significantly reduces the potential for HIV carriers to pass on the infection, the report said.
Since its discovery in the 1980s, more than 20 million have died of AIDS, mostly in poor countries.
Which is true of many AIDS sufferers in developing countries?
A．They put too little emphasis on treatment.
B．They refuse to be treated.
C．They are not receiving any treatment.
D．They live longer than those in developed countries
37、The WHO publishes its World Health Report
A．once a year
B．once a decade
C．once every two years
D．twice a year
38、According to Lee，our response to the AIDS disease is
A．overemphasized.
B．a matter of little significance
C．a matter of great significance
D．timely
39、AIDS treatment programs may also result in
A．more effective prevention
B．lower yearly cost
C．better drugs
D．greater emphasis on treatment
40、How many people have died of AIDS so far?
A．36 million
B．46 million
C．Around 440,000
D．More than 20 million
41、回答41-55题：
A Phone That Knows You're Busy
It's a modem problem: you're too busy to be disturbed by incessant (连续不断的) phone calls so you turn your cell phone off.But if you don't remember to turn it back on when you're less busy．You could miss some important calls if only the phone knew when it was wise to interrupt you, you wouldn't have to turn it off at all．Instead, it could let calls through when you are not too busy.
A bunch of behavior sensors (传感器) and a clever piece of software could do just that, by analyzing your behavior to determine if it's a good time to interrupt you．If built into a phone, the system may decide you're too busy and ask the caller to leave a message or ring back later.
James Fogarty and Scott Hudson at Camegie Mellon University in Pennsylvania based their system oil tiny microphones, cameras and touch sensors that reveal body language and activity．First they had to study different behaviors to find out which ones strongly predict whether your mind is interrupteD．
The potential "busyness" signals they focused on included whether the office doors were left open or closed, the time of day, if other people were with the person in question, how close they were to each other, and whether or not the computer was in use.
The sensors monitored these and many other factors while four subjects were at work．At random intervals, the subjects rated how interruptible they were on a scale ranging from "highly interruptible" to "highly not-interruptible"．Their ratings were then correlated with the various behaviors ．"It is a shotgun (随意的) approach: we used all the indicators we could think of and then let statistics find out which were important, " says Hudson.
The model showed that using the keyboard, and talking on a landline or to someone else in the office correlated most strongly with how interruptible the subjects judged themselves to be．Interestingly, the computer was actually better than people at predicting when someone was too busy to be interrupteD．The computer got it right 82 per cent of the time, humans 77 per cent．Fogarty speculates that this might be because people doing the interrupting are inevitably biased towards delivering their message, whereas computers don't care.
The first application for Hudson and Fogarty's system is likely to be in an instant messaging system, followed by office phones and cellphones．"There is no technological roadblock (障碍) to it being deployed in a couple of years, " says Hudson.
A big problem facing people today is that________.
A．they must tolerate phone disturbances or miss important calls.
B．they must turn off their phones to keep their homes quiet.
C．they have to switch from a desktop phone to a cell phone.
D．they are too busy to make phone calls.
42、The behavior sensor and software system built in a phone________.
A．could help store messages
B．could send messages instantly
C．could tell when it is wise to interrupt you
D．could identify important phone calls
43、Scientists at Carnegie Menon University tried to find out________.
A．why office doors were often left open
B．when it was a good time to turn off the computer
C．what questions office workers were bothered with
D．which behaviors could tell whether a person was busy
44、During the experiment, the subjects were asked________.
A．to control the sensors and the camera
B．to rate the degrees to which they could be interrupted
C．to compare their behaviors with others'
D．to analyze all the indicators of interruption
45、The computer performed better than people in the study because________.
A．the computer worked harder
B．the computer was not busy
C．people tended to be biased
D．people were not good at statistics
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31、根据下列材料，回答31-45题
Effects of Environmental Pollution
If pollution continues to increase at the present rate, formation of aerosols (浮质) in the atmosphere will cause the onset (开始) of an ice age in about fifty years' time．This conclusion, reached by Dr．S.I．Rasool and Dr．S.H．Schneider of the United States Goddard Space Flight Centre, answers the apparently conflicting questions of whether an increase in the carbon dioxide (二氧化碳) content of the atmosphere will cause the Earth to warm up or increasing the aerosol content will cause it to cool down．The Americans have shown conclusively that the aerosol question is dominant.
Two specters haunting conservationists have been the prospect that environmental pollution might lead to the planet's becoming unbearably hot or colD．One of these ghosts has now been laiD．Because it seems that even an increase in the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere to eight times its present value will produce an increase in temperature of only 2 ℃, which would take place over several thousand years．But the other problem now looms larger than ever.
Aerosols are collections of small liquid or solid particles dispersed in air or some other medium．The particles are all so tiny that each is composed of only a few hundred atoms．Because of this they can float in the air for a very long time．Perhaps the most commonly experienced aerosol is industrial smog (烟雾) of the kind that plagued London in the 1950s and is an even greater problem in Los Angeles today．These collections of aerosols reflect the Sun's heat and thereby cause the Earth to cool.
Dr．Rasool and Dr．Schneider have calculated the exact effect of a dust aerosol layer just above the Earth's surface in the temperature of the planet．As the layer builds up, the present delicate balance between the amount of heat absorbed from the Sun and the amount radiated from the Earth is disturbed．The aerosol layer not only reflects much of the Sun's light but also transmits the infrared (红外线的 ) radiation from below．So, while the heat input to the surface drops, the loss of heat remains high until the planet cools to a new balanced state.
Within fifty years, if no steps are taken to stop the spread of aerosols in the atmosphere, a cooling of the Earth by as much as 3.5~C seems inevitable.If that lasts for only a few years it would start another ice age, and because the growing ice caps at each pole would themselves reflect much of the Sun's radiation it would probably continue to develop even if the aerosol layer were destroyeD．
The only bright spot in this gloomy forecast lies in the hope expressed by Dr．Rasool and Dr．Schneider that nuclear power may replace fossil fuels in time to prevent the aerosol content of the atmosphere from becoming critical.
The author's main purpose in writing the article is to warn of________.
A．warm weather
B．hot weather
C．a new ice age
D．a new iceberg
32、The word "specters" in the second paragraph is closest in meaning to________.
A．pollution.
B．carbon dioxide
C．aerosols
D．ghosts
33、We learn from the third paragraph that________.
A．London was plagued with rats in the 1950s
B．London is covered with smog today
C．London was polluted by smog in the 1950s
D．Los Angeles is as heavily polluted today as London was in the 1950s
34、What will happen if the dust aerosol layer develops?
A．The Earth will get extremely hot.
B．The balance between the amount of heat absorbed from the Sun and the amount lost could hardly be maintained．
C．The light of the Sun could no longer reach the surface of the Earth.
D．Infrared radiation could no longer be transmitted from the Earth to outer space.
35、The only way to stop the spread of aerosols in the atmosphere, according to Dr．Rasool and Dr．Schneider, is to use________.
A．fossil fuels
B．electric power
C．nuclear energy
D．coal power
36、回答36-50题：
Demand on Treatment Emphasized
AIDS programs in developing countries put too little emphasis on treatment．the World Health Organization(WHO) said Tuesday, asking for more small community—based clinics to be opened to treat HIV-infected people.
An estimated 36 million to 46 million people are living with AIDS, two—thirds of them in Africa, but only 440,000 people in developing countries were receiving treatment by the end of 2003，the UN health agency said in its annual report.
“Without treatment, all of them will die a premature and in most cases painful death,” the WHO said in the 169-page World Health Report.
WHO Director General Lee Jong-wook said community-based treatment should be added to disease prevention and care for sufferers in AIDS programs.
“Future generations will judge our time in large part by our response to the AIDS disease,” Lee said.
“By tackling it decisively we will also be building health systems that can meet the health needs of today and tomorrow．This is a historic opportunity we cannot afford to miss,” he added.
Anti retroviral drugs enable people hit by AIDS to live longer．The annual cost of treatment, which was about $10,000 when the drugs were first developed, has dropped to about $150.
Treatment programs also help AIDS prevention efforts, the report said, citing great demands for testing and counseling where treatment has been made available.
Good counseling in turn leads to more effective prevention in those who are uninfected, and significantly reduces the potential for HIV carriers to pass on the infection, the report said.
Since its discovery in the 1980s, more than 20 million have died of AIDS, mostly in poor countries.
Which is true of many AIDS sufferers in developing countries?
A．They put too little emphasis on treatment.
B．They refuse to be treated.
C．They are not receiving any treatment.
D．They live longer than those in developed countries
37、The WHO publishes its World Health Report
A．once a year
B．once a decade
C．once every two years
D．twice a year
38、According to Lee，our response to the AIDS disease is
A．overemphasized.
B．a matter of little significance
C．a matter of great significance
D．timely
39、AIDS treatment programs may also result in
A．more effective prevention
B．lower yearly cost
C．better drugs
D．greater emphasis on treatment
40、How many people have died of AIDS so far?
A．36 million
B．46 million
C．Around 440,000
D．More than 20 million
41、回答41-55题：
A Phone That Knows You're Busy
It's a modem problem: you're too busy to be disturbed by incessant (连续不断的) phone calls so you turn your cell phone off.But if you don't remember to turn it back on when you're less busy．You could miss some important calls if only the phone knew when it was wise to interrupt you, you wouldn't have to turn it off at all．Instead, it could let calls through when you are not too busy.
A bunch of behavior sensors (传感器) and a clever piece of software could do just that, by analyzing your behavior to determine if it's a good time to interrupt you．If built into a phone, the system may decide you're too busy and ask the caller to leave a message or ring back later.
James Fogarty and Scott Hudson at Camegie Mellon University in Pennsylvania based their system oil tiny microphones, cameras and touch sensors that reveal body language and activity．First they had to study different behaviors to find out which ones strongly predict whether your mind is interrupteD．
The potential "busyness" signals they focused on included whether the office doors were left open or closed, the time of day, if other people were with the person in question, how close they were to each other, and whether or not the computer was in use.
The sensors monitored these and many other factors while four subjects were at work．At random intervals, the subjects rated how interruptible they were on a scale ranging from "highly interruptible" to "highly not-interruptible"．Their ratings were then correlated with the various behaviors ．"It is a shotgun (随意的) approach: we used all the indicators we could think of and then let statistics find out which were important, " says Hudson.
The model showed that using the keyboard, and talking on a landline or to someone else in the office correlated most strongly with how interruptible the subjects judged themselves to be．Interestingly, the computer was actually better than people at predicting when someone was too busy to be interrupteD．The computer got it right 82 per cent of the time, humans 77 per cent．Fogarty speculates that this might be because people doing the interrupting are inevitably biased towards delivering their message, whereas computers don't care.
The first application for Hudson and Fogarty's system is likely to be in an instant messaging system, followed by office phones and cellphones．"There is no technological roadblock (障碍) to it being deployed in a couple of years, " says Hudson.
A big problem facing people today is that________.
A．they must tolerate phone disturbances or miss important calls.
B．they must turn off their phones to keep their homes quiet.
C．they have to switch from a desktop phone to a cell phone.
D．they are too busy to make phone calls.
42、The behavior sensor and software system built in a phone________.
A．could help store messages
B．could send messages instantly
C．could tell when it is wise to interrupt you
D．could identify important phone calls
43、Scientists at Carnegie Menon University tried to find out________.
A．why office doors were often left open
B．when it was a good time to turn off the computer
C．what questions office workers were bothered with
D．which behaviors could tell whether a person was busy
44、During the experiment, the subjects were asked________.
A．to control the sensors and the camera
B．to rate the degrees to which they could be interrupted
C．to compare their behaviors with others'
D．to analyze all the indicators of interruption
45、The computer performed better than people in the study because________.
A．the computer worked harder
B．the computer was not busy
C．people tended to be biased
D．people were not good at statistics
4/6 首页 上一页 2 3 4 5 6 下一页 尾页