Directions:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks.There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
The National Science Foundation (NSF) announced on March 8 that it is investigating nearly 100 cases of suspected plagiarism in a year’s worth of agency-funded proposals. Though the amount of funding dished out to these projects is unclear, extrapolating from the NSF’s 2011 budget, it could represent more than $96 million.
Unfortunately, the problem isn’t limited to the NSF. (41)_______________________________. In the same month that the NSF launched its investigation into the suspect proposals, primatologist Jane Goodall’s forthcoming book was delayed by publishers after early reviewers discovered plagiarized passages.
Outside of academia the problem of plagiarism continues to generate headlines and scandals for politicians. In Germany, two prominent cabinet members have been forced to step down due to allegations of plagiarism in their doctoral dissertations. Meanwhile, in Canada, the head of the nation’s largest school district was forced to resign in the face of plagiarism allegations, and plagiarism scandals have also embroiled a senator in the Philippines, the prime minister of Romania, and several members of the Russian Duma.
(42)_________________________________.
In all of these cases, there is a common thread. Whether it’s a government agency or an academic publisher, the organization usually does not face the issue of plagiarism head on, instead relegating the subject to closed-door conversations and relying on luck and hope-until faced with a scandal and forced to clean up the mess, (43)________________________________.Careers are ruined and reputations forever tarnished.
(44)___________________________. In the age of Google, there’s no reason why readers should discover plagiarism before a publication’s editors do.
(45)___________________________. Though they still rely on human analysis, they can greatly expedite the process of validating the originality of submitted work. Indeed, publications that have mandated the use of plagiarism-detection tools as part of their review process and author guidelines-specifically requesting that authors run their submissions through such detection software to avoid pulling words from their own previous publications, as well as to catch any unsourced quotes-have seen retractions decrease. For example, the Landes Bioscience journal Cancer Biology and Therapy rejected more than 221 articles for plagiarism in 2012 alone, but has yet to issue a single retraction since implementing rigorous screening protocols using iThenticate, a plagiarism-detection service used by many scholarly publishers and research departments.
[A] Too many organizations, however, are ignoring the issue. According to an October 2012 survey by iThenticate, one out of every three scholarly editors says they encounter plagiarism regularly, yet, according to the same survey, more than half of researchers don’t check their own work, leaving instances of duplication-even accidental ones-to be flagged by editors.
[B] In most cases, this has involved not only the practical matter of finding and removing plagiarized content, but also dealing with public-relations issues and rebuilding public trust.
[C] Retractions in academic publishing have skyrocketed-up 10-fold in the past three decades-with plagiarism and duplication (a kind of self-plagiarism) at the root of about 25 percent of those retractions.
[D] Plagiarism-detection software tools are well tested, widely available, affordable, and simple to use.
[E] Most worrisome, all of these high-publicity scandals came to light in the past 3 years, due in large part to heightened public awareness of plagiarism and increased access to plagiarism-detection tools, suggesting that such activities are nothing new; they’ve just become easier to expose.
[F] And while there are notable measures being taken-by the Nature Publishing Group and many other publishers, as well as by some government agencies and research departments-to maintain research integrity, the question remains: Why doesn’t every organization employ active defenses against plagiarism?
[G] Grantors and scholarly editors shouldn’t wait for a crisis before setting up a system to prevent plagiarism. Even if it is possible to repair trust and undo most of the damage of a plagiarism scandal, it is impossible to get back the wasted publication space, missed funding opportunities, and a clean professional record.
Part C translation
（46）The word ‘culture’is probably the single most central concept in twentieth-century anthropology. Anthropologists use the word ‘culture’in a number of different senses. It seems to us that some of them use it as equivalent to what we call a form of social life. In its ordinary use in English, ‘culture’, which is much the same idea as cultivation, refers to the process by which a person acquires, from contact with other persons or from such things as books or works of art, knowledge, skill, ideas, beliefs, tastes, and sentiments. That is the definition of ‘culture’. In a particular society we can discover certain processes of cultural tradition, using the word tradition in its literal meaning of handing on or handing down.
Section III Writing
Part A
47.Directions:
You were invited to a gathering in Mary’s house, but you forgot it and didn’t show up. Write a letter to Mary to
1) apologize and explain why you were absent,
2) and send an invitation back for forgiveness.
You should writ about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.
Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming”instead. (10 points)
Part B
48.Directions:
Write an essay based on the following chart in your writing, you should
1) interpret the chart ,and
2) give your comments.
You should write about 150 words.(15 points)
