1997
Do animals have rights?
This is how the question is usually put.
It sounds like a useful, ground-clearing way to start.
(1)Actually, it isn't, because it assumes that there is an agreed account of human rights,
which is something the world does not have.
On one view of rights, to be sure,
it necessarily follows that animals have none.
(2)Some philosophers argue that rights exist only within a social contract,
as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements.
Therefore, animals cannot have rights.
The idea of punishing a tiger that kills somebody is absurd,
for exactly the same reason,
so is the idea that tigers have rights.
However, this is only one account,
and by no means an uncontested one.
It denies rights not only to animals but also to some people--for instance to infants,
the mentally incapable and future generations.
In addition, it is unclear what force a contract can have for people who never consented to it,
how do you reply to somebody who says "I don't like this contract"?
The point is this:without agreement on the rights of people,
arguing about the rights of animals is fruitless.
(3)It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset:
it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans,
or with no consideration at all.
This is a false choice.
Better to start with another,
more fundamental, question:is the way we treat animals a moral issue at all?
Many deny it.
(4)Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect,
extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice.
Any regard for the suffering of animals is seen as a mistake--a sentimental displacement of feeling
that should properly be directed to other humans.
This view, which holds that torturing a monkey is morally equivalent to chopping wood,may seem bravely "logical".
In fact it is simply shallow:the confused center is right to reject it.
The most elementary form of moral reasoning--the ethical equivalent of learning to crawl
--is to weigh others' interests against one's own.
This in turn requires sympathy and imagination:
without which there is no capacity for moral thought.
To see an animal in pain is enough, for most,to engage sympathy.
(5)When that happens, it is not a mistake:
it is mankind's instinct for moral reasoning in action,
an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at.
