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2008高考必背英语词汇讲座-L字头
日期:2008-04-19
1、lone, lonely, lonesome, alone

  这组词都有“孤独的,寂寞的”之意。

  lone:“孤独的,寂寞的,无依无靠的”,该词(在诗歌中)可替代lonely或lonesome。She could see a lone figure on the deserted beach walking to and fro.她看到一个孤寂的人影在荒凉的海滩上走来走去。In that cloudy sky only one lone star could be seen.在那多云的天空中,只能看见孤零零的一颗星。

  lonely:“孤单的,寂寞的“,但更强调指渴望陪伴的孤独感受。A lonely young sailor felt sorry for himself because his girlfriend no longer loved him.孤独的青年海员由于女友不再爱他而非常伤心。He spent many lonely days on the deserted island before that attractive girl appeared.在那个有魅力的女孩出现之前,他在那个荒岛上度过了许多寂寞的日子。

  lonesome : "无伴的,独居的",通常明确的表达分别或丧偶后的孤寂卑凉,含义较为痛切。The house she had always thought of as overcrowded was lonesome when her children grew up andwent out on their own.先前她认为这屋子过于拥挤,但当其子女出去独立生活后,显得孤寂。You must keep up your spirits, mother, and not be lonesome because I'm not at home.你一定要打起精神,妈妈,不要因为我不在家而倍感凄凉。

2、location, position, situation, spot

  这一组词都有“位置,地点”之意。

  location:“位置,场所,场地”,指某物所处的固定但也许并不明确的位置,也可指找到的或可加以利用的场地。还可解作“定位,测位选址”,如:industrial location工业选址。The location of the missing plane can hardly be identified without more detailed information.如果没有更详尽的信息,失踪飞机所处的位置就很难确定。The location is exceptionally poor, viewed from a sanitation point, so Julia had to devote hertime to finding suitable location for a new school.从卫生角度来看,这个地段非常糟糕,所以朱利亚不得不花时间找一处适于建新学校的地点。

  position:“方位,地点,位置”,通常是指某物所处的实际或相对的位置,适用于具体及抽象的事物,想象中或实际存在的东西;因此还可解作“社会地位,职务,见解,立场,姿态”等。Can you show me the position of the school on the map?你能指给我那学校在地图上的位置吗?Before the invention of the timing devices they told the time by the position of the sun.在计时器发明之前,他们根据太阳的位置来判断时间。

  situation:“地点,位置,场合”,它所指的地点更注重考虑周的环境,还指抽象的对某人或社会有影响的条件、事实、事件的总和,因此可以解作“境况、形势、局势、处境”等。常用短语:cope/ do with the situation应付当前情况:save the situation挽回局势。Despite the fact that he's only a boy of nine, he could manage to deal with the new situation.尽管他还是个九岁的小男孩,他却能设法对付新情况。The situation of the camp was chosen with respect to its healthfulness and its nearness to thecity.这个营地位置的选择考虑到了有益于健康而且离城市近的原则。

  spot:“地点,现场”,指范围清楚的特定地点,也可指事件或行为的发生地,具有较强的“有限空间意义”,如:a historic/ scenic spot古迹/ 风景名胜。常用词组:on the spot 当场。She was probably mad with hunger and thirst in that lonely hot spot.在那炎热孤寂的地方,她很可能因为又饿又渴而几近发疯。The police were on the spot within a few minutes of hearing about the crime.获悉该项犯罪后几分钟,警察即赶到现场。

3、later, latter

  later是late的比较级形式,意为“后来的(地)”,通常用在表示时间单位的词组后,表示“……以后”的意思,此外还通常用在一些习语中。例如:Two days later, we proved these facts to be correct. 两天以后,我们证明了这些事实是正确的。He reached the stations 5 minutes later. 他晚到车站五分钟。sooner or later 总有一天,迟早later on 今后,以后

  latter是一原级形容词,主要有三种意义:1).表示“后面的,后半的,末了的”之意;2).与定冠词the连用,表示“后者”,与the former相对;3).“最近的,现今的”。例如:the latter half of the month 后半月,下半月the latter part of the year 一年中后一段时期Of the two the latter is far better than the former.两者中后者比前者好得多。He has been at home in these latter days.在最近的这些日子里,他一直呆在家里。

 

4、lay, lie

  这两个动词在变形时,往往引起混淆。

  lay主要用作及物动词,基本意思为“放”,还可有一些引申意义。它的过去式和过去分词是laid,现在分词是laying。例如:Please lay the book on the table.请把书放在桌上。The road is laid with asphalt.这条路是用柏油铺成的。These hens lay eggs every day.这些母鸡天天下蛋。We should lay stress on our pronunciation.我们应该重视我们的发音。

  lie是一个不及物动词,它有两种意义和用法:1).意为“平躺;平放;位于”时,过去式为lay, 过去分词为lain; 2).意为:“撒谎”时,过去式和过去分词是lied。例如:Don't lie in bed all morning.不要一早上都躺在床上。He lay on the grass enjoying the sunshine.他躺在草地上享受阳光。Korea lies to the east of China.朝鲜位于中国东面。You are lying.你在撒谎。He lied to me.他对我撒谎。

5、leave out, leave off

  这两个短语动词由leave加副词构成,在句中均作谓语,它们的意义有区别。

  leave out主要有下列几种意义:1).省去,略去;2).遗漏;3).没有考虑到。例如:We must decide what to leave out and what to leave in. 我们必须决定取舍。Please complete this check properly. The date has been left out. 请将这张支票填完整,日期被漏掉了。We left out the possibility of his coming. 我们没考虑到他会来。

  leave off则主要表示下列两种意义:1).停止,中断;2).不再穿,不再使用。例如:Leave off talking!别讲话了!They leave off work at 4:30 p.m. 他们下午四点半下班。It is warm enough for you to leave off your woolen sweater. 天这么热,可以脱下你的绒线衣了。

6、living, alive, live, lively

  这四个形容词均是live派生出的,但它们的意义和用法均不一样。

  living有三种意义和用法:1).表示“活着的,尤指现存的”,可以指人,也可指物。在句中作表语或定语;作定语时,可前置也可后置。2).表示某人,某物与另一个人或一物“一模一样,逼真的”之意。3).相当于形容词lively,表示“强烈的、活泼的”之意。例如:A living language should be learned orally. 一种活的语言应该通过口语学习。No man living could do better. 当代的人没有一个能做得比这好的了。Shelly was still living when Keats died. 济慈死时,雪莱还活着。He's the living image of his father. 他跟他父亲长得一模一样。We have a living hope that you will succeed. 我们强烈地希望你成功。

  alive多用作表语,多用于人,表示“活着的”的意思,还可引申为其他意义;间或也作定语,只能放在被修饰词的后面。例如:Is she still alive?她还活着吗?They are the happiest children alive.他们是当代最幸福的孩子们。An enemy officer was caught alive.一名敌军官被活捉了。The lake is alive with fish.湖里鱼多得很。

  live作形容词时读作/laiv/, 只用于物,作定语,基本意义是“活的”,这时可用living替代。它还有很多引申意义。例如:This is a live fish/ mouse.这是一条活鱼(一只活老鼠)。Don't play with live coals!不要玩燃烧着的煤块。A live wire is dangerous.通上电的电线很危险。It was a live broadcast, not a recording.那是实况广播,不是录音广播。

  lively读作/laivli/,在句中可作表语或定语,主要表示下列三种意义:1).有生气的,活泼的,快活的;2).(颜色)鲜明的;3).生动的,真实的。例如:She is as lively as a kitten.她快活得像只小猫。The patient seems a little livelier this morning.那病人今晨似乎好些了。He has lively imagination.他有丰富的想象力。What lively colors!多么鲜明的色彩。He gave a lively description of the football game.他对这场足球赛进行了生动的描述。

7、learn, study

  learn为“学习,学会”,侧重学习的成果,指从不知到知,从不会到会的学习,强调通过学习去获得知识和技能,它没有凭勤奋努力而获得知识的意味。learn亦可指向某人学习,从某处学习学习一门技能等。如 learn music, learn new words, learn to skate, learn from experience, learn from LeiFeng。

  study为“学习,研究”,强调学习的过程,指深入系统地学习,带有努力,勤奋的意味。其学习对象往往是科学,艺术和需要深入探讨,研究的问题及学科,不是单纯地获得技巧。如:study medicine,study science, study a map, study engineering, study painting。下列句子中的learn 和 study均不能互换:If you study hard, you'll learn the language well. 如果你努力学习的话,你会把这门语言学好。He learned traditional Chinese medicine from a famous Chinese doctor. 他跟随一位著名的中国医生学习中医。She studied late at night.她晚上学习到很晚。He is studying the problem of X-rays.他正在研究X射线的问题。

  在指某学科的“学习”时,或在不需要强调两者的区别时, learn 和study可以换用。如:How long have you learned/ studied Japanese?你学习日语有多久了?We must keep on learning/ studying if we do not want to lag behind the times. 如果我们不想落在时代后面的话,就必须不断学习

8、long for, for long

  long for是一用作及物意义的动、介型短语动词,表示“渴望,极想得到”的意思。其后可接名词,代词作宾语。例如:The children are longing for the festival.孩子们渴望节日来临。We long for a chance to visit Yanan.我们渴望有机会访问延安。

  for long中的for是介词,long是名词,一起作介词短语用,在句中充当状语,通常用于否定句、疑问句、条件句或否定意义的句子中。意为“很久,长久”。例如:He will not remain for long.他不会呆得太久。Will you be away for long?你要离开很久吗? 

9、lecture, speech

  lecture作“演讲,讲课”解,指有准备的专题演讲,尤指学术性讲演及高等学校教师的讲课。它常和动词give, read, hear, attend, receive连用,当它用于give sb. a lecture结构时,指“训斥某人”。如:They received lecture on technique. (指听演讲)He gave a lecture on the war in English. (指作演讲)Father gave me a lecture for smoking. (指训斥)

  speech作“说话,演讲”解,系普通用语,除指有声的语言外,又泛指为听众而作的讲,可以是有准备的正式讲话,也可以是无准备的非正式的讲话。它常和动词give, make, hear, prepare, understand等连用。如:I was quite uNPRepared to make a speech.By your speech I can tell you're from London.He gave a speech about good manners to the whole school.

10、live on, live by

  live on有三种意义和用法:1).后接人、钱、工资,表示“依靠这些人或钱物养活”的意思;2).后接各种食物的名称,表示“以……为主食”的意思; 3).作不及物动词用,表示“继续生存下去,永存”之意。例如:Jim's father was living on his friends.吉姆的父亲靠他的朋友生活。My uncle lives happily on his pension.我伯父靠退休金生活得很幸福。Most of the Asians live on rice.多数亚洲人以大米为食。Sheep live on grass.羊以草为食。The scientist's name will live on from generation to generation. 这位科学家的名字将流芳百世。

  live by有两种意义和用法:1. 后接名词或动名词,表示“以某种方式或手段过活”之意;2. 后接地点名词,表示“住在……附近”之意。例如:They live by honest labor.他们靠正当的劳动生活。Smith lives by writing for a small magazine.史密斯靠给一家小杂志社写稿来维持生活。We live by the East Lake.我们住在东湖旁边。