Issue 写作模板
　　说明：本模板是个人在写作准备过程中，由自己学习和使用的论证方法以及个别同学的经典论证方法而来，例子中用加粗标出了结构特点，这些段子都是经过反复修改的经典段落，因为来自自己的习作和身边同学的习作，个人认为没有什么晦涩的语句（词汇量在四级水平，主要优势是对长句的把握） ，可以作为学习使用不同论证方法的材料，因此特向朋友们推荐，通过学习与练习同学们也能从自己的习作中总结出自己的模版来。
　　1．开头：背景陈述+When 转入主题（万能句）+反问+自己立场（让步+转折）
　　1.1
　　Explosive development of science and technology has been made during the past one hundred years or so. When it comes to progress of the condition of humanity all over the world, there are always a host of different opinions held by different individuals from different areas. Have, you may wonder, the technology developments or innovations contributed to promoting our humanity? Admittedly, most people would consider that there are still so many troubles with us such as poverty, violence, conflicts and even wars. However, as a whole effect in general, technology progress has in fact, tend to lead to a significant promotion of the overall condition of humanity in the world.
　　1.2
　　With the explosive development of science and technology, people tend to spend more time and energy dealing with their present works, in order to better live in the modern society. When it comes to the value of the study of history, there are always a host of different opinions held by different individuals. Does the study of history have value only to the extent that it is relevant to our lives? Admittedly, some people may claim that history is only history itself, which has nothing to do with our daily life nowadays. However, any kind of history is in fact, more or less, relevant to our daily life and can benefit us a lot. Even if those histories that seems of sense to our real life, are literally of considerable significance to human beings.
　　1.3
　　Due to explosive development of science and technology, so much is new and complex in our modern society. When it comes to the relationship between the socialization of children and the destiny of society, there are always a host of different opinions held by different individuals in different fields. Admittedly, how children are socialized today determines, to some extent, the destiny of our society, and as a matter of fact, we have already been trying our best to raise children to help bring about a better society. However, the socialization of children is not necessarily the only factor that contributes to better construction of our society.
　　2．结尾：in sum+让步+转折+延伸
　　2.1
　　In sum, even though that wars, conflicts, violence, and poverty are still with us, yet only in a small number of areas in the world. Actually, technology development has contributed a large part to the promotion of the overall condition of humanity. As a result, the present humanity conditions are far better than any other period in the past.
　　2.2
　　In sum, the explosive development of science and technology has more or less brought about some new challenges and problems that people cannot solve using only knowledge from the history. As a matter of fact, for most individuals, the study of history is to some extent relevant to their daily lives and can help them accomplish their goals more successfully in modern society. Even some history seemingly of no relevance to our daily lives, may actually plays significant roles in the development process of human beings.
　　2.3
　　In sum, even though that how children are socialized to some extent determines the destiny of our society, yet it is not the only factor.
　　Literally, we have tried so much energy to socialize our children, and in order to raise children who can help bring about a better society, many other factors, such as healthiness, morality, special skills, etc., should also be taken into account.
　　3．从一般到特殊论证法
　　3.1 一般性举例 =〉特殊名人事例（+++）
　　Beyond this concession, however, I cannot totally agree with the statement because it seems to recommend that every student is quite aware of their needs and interests all the time without exception. Consider, for example, a pupil who once wrote in his/her diary that his/her dream is to be an eminent composer like Beethoven, is very likely to find afterward himself/herself really interested in literature but not in music at all. Even celebrities like Pasteur, who was a chemist at the very start, then had extreme interest in microorganism and made more contributions in biology rather than in chemistry. In short, people's interests and needs are not invariable.
　　Consequently, if we force our education to trace everyone's satisfaction in a headless way, it will surely fall into confusion. Additionally, consider a naughty boy who claims that his favorite and real dream is playing computer games day and night, can our education be "specifically designed" to meet such "needs and interests"? (from Lily)
　　3.2 事物一般抽象原理 =〉具体事例（+++）
　　However, even though competition serves as a double-edged sward, it has more of a positive than a negative effect in most occasions. In fact, everything in general has a limit itself. If people break the limit, some damage may occur, and when people act below the limit, they benefit from it. Admittedly, some people may go to extremes to compete by lawless means, leading to competition chaos or other social problems that harm our societies. But most participants in a competition still comply with the competition rules, because the lawless competitors will fail in the long run after all. Viewed in this fashion, most people choose to compete in a licit and proper way, and a licit and proper competition will benefit more than harm the society in general.
　　4．类比、比喻论证
　　4.1 类比（++）
　　特征词：Analogy 类比
　　similarly
　　likewise
　　in the same way
　　in the same manner
　　However, as a double-edged sward, competition also causes in general a host of problems that may harm the societies. For example, in colleges and universities, competition for higher grades may stimulate to urge students' ambition in the process of study, but such competition increasingly exposes its negative effects on the quality of learning. Pursuing higher grades, students may pay too much attention to the score of tests or examinations which are still the main methods to check the outcome of learning, and as a result of it, they fail to practise their real ability of learning or solving problems. Moreover, heating competition for higher grades may cause extremely mental and psychological problems which will seriously undermine students' interests and learning ability. It is more or less the same with competition in other aspects in societies.
　　4.2 比喻（+++）
　　However, although creating appealing images is beneficial in the short term, the reality or truth behind these images reveals itself in the long run. It is just like the case of a gift with beautiful wrappers. No matter how amazing is the wrapper outside, the wrapper is destined to be torn away to show the gift inside. So is the case with appealing images. It is agreed upon that one is judged not according to his/her apparent features, but instead, according to the content of his/her character. Viewed in this fashion, charming images can function as the ticket into the world that one craves for. But one's performance is evaluated by their genuine competence and capability instead of their appearances, which are more convincing than mere beautiful appearances. （from the Internet）
　　5．排比论证（+++）
　　5.1
　　To begin with, competition contributes to the progress in most societies; filled with competition everywhere, the societies develop faster and better.
　　Competition makes factories promote manufacturing efficiency; competition gives workers a higher spirit to work; competition accelerates the pace of everyday life. It is through competition that outstanding people come out of a campaign; it is through competition that higher efficiency substitutes the lower one. Competition is demanded and cannot be obviated. In light of this, competition exists and results in progress in almost every aspect and no one could deny the importance of competition, and neither could they afford the disappearance of competition in any aspect.
　　5.2
　　Contemporary life calls for a lot of different forms of documentation; providing vivid colorful pictures with original sound, the video camera has become increasingly popular in many aspects in our life. A journalist chooses to report most of the news through video camera; A student may use a video camera to record his/her school life and bring it home to his/her parents and friends; A professor may record his lectures with video camera and thus all the students could have the opportunity to "attend" it even if they were in fact absent from the lecture when the professor gave it. Video cameras can serve us wherever you are, whenever you are. No one could deny the increasingly popularity of video cameras in our society.
　　5.3
　　As for the basic freedom, everybody has the right to pursue it. You can choose your hairstyle, the color of your shirt; you can decide which restaurant to have lunch and what kind of laptop you will buy. And women should have their right to care about dress and to go to work, as well as children should have their right to play together and to go to the same school. For all black people, as Martin Luther King, the great black civil rights leader said, the basic freedom to choose to stop all discrimination should not be deprived. History is always replete with such examples. Actually, in a democratic society, no one could deny your pursuit of your basic freedom of choice in your life.
　　5.3
　　It's true that the speaker's assertion that education catering to individual needs and interests has many merits. Needs and interests are part-and-parcel of the studying progress. They two are always referred to as the best teachers. The more useful and interesting a student finds a course, the more time and efforts he/she is willing to devote; the more time and efforts he/she devotes, the more progress he/she is likely to make in the course; the more progress he/she make in a course, the more interested he/she is in the course. Therefore, needs and interests serve a vital part, as expected in the studying progress, as ink is to a pen or wheels are to a car(类比/比喻).
　　Were it removed from our educational system, how can you imagine that our students would learn by heart a number of disciplines every day which they cannot find any interest in; how can you imagine that test-takers would remember everything they have recited after the examination is over; and how can you imagine that our teachers' feelings would not be hurt when they see their pupils just doodle the class away? （from lily）
　　5.4
　　The root cause behind this social phenomenon can be traced back to the long-held belief that “Seeing is believing”; Featured by the fast pace of our contemporary society, there is literally no chance for people to get to know other people or things over the long term. Employers have to decide who to recruit after ten minutes’ interview; voters have to decide who to vote (to vote whom) after each candidate’s ten-minute speech; consumers have to decide which product to buy via comparing the colorful packages.
　　Quick decisions are demanded. No wonder that appealing first impression plays a crucial role in this process. In light of this, no one could deny the importance of good images, and neither could they afford the damage of public images. （from the Internet）
　　6．举例论证(+++)
　　6.1
　　In addition, in some areas, the significant progress of technology not only has resulted in little promotion in humanity, but also tends to, in the opposite direction, put the condition of humanity to an even worse level. As is known to all, cultural and political conflicts or even wars have never stopped; the problems of nuclear weapons and biochemical weapons, that severely threaten all the people in the world and concern a large number of countries become increasingly sophisticate; and terroristic raids are far more horrible and violent than ever before, due to which perhaps no American individuals would forget the day of Sep. 11 in 2001 when the highest two buildings on the Earth were damaged by terrorists, leaving all people in the USA with horrible feelings. No one could deny that all of these problems are to a large extent connected with technological innovations.
　　6.2
　　However, as a matter of fact, those inharmonies of humanity conditions are only within a small part in the whole world, and the overall condition of humanity has literally improved at the same pace with the development of technology. J ust consider the conditions of disabled individuals, for example, and you will find that, those who have lost one of his/her legs or even both his/her two legs are still able to lead a common individual's life without that difficulty, due to a significant development of medicine technology.
　　Also, because of the progress of space technology and computer science, it becomes increasingly convenient for different individuals from all over the world to communicate with each other more directly, deeply and thoughtfully, which to some extent, avoids some mutual cultural misunderstanding and culture conflicts, even wars. Besides, with the improvement of scientific research and medicine, people all over the world are able to strike together with severe illnesses such as SARS and Bird Flu, both of which are new widespread infectious diseases in the first several years of the 20st century. All the above shows considerably better condition of humanity resulted from the development of technology.
　　7．引用论证法
　　Professor ... , a famous scientist of Nanjing University, said that, "..." J ust as 。 。 。said， 。 。 。
　　8．假设
　　Were there no 。 。 。 ， 。 。 。