第三段：二战后，最高法院积聚了一个对equal protection更友好的法律氛围，它认为种族隔离的学校违背了14修正案的平等条款。这一时期，最高法院支持了2个扩展14修正案覆盖范围的文件。第一个：要求立法的严格审核，应用了“怀疑分类法”，。。。这个文件扩展了14修正案的应用，将他扩展到非种族的歧视。因为尽管某些人拒绝找除种族之外的歧视，大部分人接受这样一种论断：至少有一些种族歧视以外的歧视，特别是性别歧视，是可疑的并应该受到严格审查。第二个：最高法院取消了（第二段中提到的那个）state action limitation，使得14修正案可以应用的范围包括了新形式的私人行为。
18. The passage suggests that the principal effect of the state action limitation was to
(A) allow some discriminatory practices to continue unimpeded by the Fourteenth Amendment
(B) influence the Supreme Court’s ruling in Brown v, Board of Education
(C) provide expanded guidelines describing prohibited actions
(D) prohibit states from enacting laws that violated the intent of the Civil Rights Act of 1866
(E) shift to state governments the responsibility for enforcement of laws prohibiting discriminatory practices
19. The author’s position regarding the intent of the framers of the Fourteenth Amendment would be most seriously undermined if which of the following were true?
(A) The framers had anticipated state action limitations as they are described in the passage.
(B) The framers had merely sought to prevent discriminatory acts by federal officials.
(C) The framers were concerned that the Civil Rights Act of 1866 would be overturned by the Supreme Court.
(D) The framers were aware that the phrase “equal protection of the laws” had broad implications.
(E) The framers believed that racial as well as non-racial forms of discrimination were unacceptable.
23. Which of the following can be inferred about the second of the two doctrines referred to in lines 39-41 of the passage?
(A) It caused some justices to rule that all types of discrimination are prohibited by the Constitution.
(B) It shifted the focus of the Supreme Court from racial to nonracial discrimination.
(C) It narrowed the concern of the Supreme Court to legislation that employed a suspect classification.
(D) It caused legislators who were writing new legislation to reject language that could be construed as permitting racial discrimination.
(E) It made it more difficult for commercial businesses to practice racial discrimination.
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