[04:06.18]High rates of inflation may raise prices to the point where women
[04:11.22]are forced to earn money themselves.
[04:13.66]17  "In traditional Bangladesh,
[04:16.58]a woman may need to get a job weaving textiles
[04:19.82]because her husband was much older,
[04:21.98]and died while the children were still young," Ms. Bruce said.
[04:26.66]"In Africa, an eighteen-year-old woman might need a job because
[04:31.30]she had a baby before marriage
[04:33.57]and has only a casual relationship with the father,
[04:36.96]or she might have a husband who goes on to another marriage
[04:41.02]and supports the children of that union."
[04:43.47]18  "In Asia," she added,"
[04:46.46]the husband may have migrated for better economic opportunities
[04:50.92]and stopped sending money after a year or two.
[04:53.91]And everywhere,
[04:55.89]parents are finding that there are fewer jobs
[04:58.45]that pay enough to allow a family to scrape by financially."
[05:03.20]Even among rural people in less-developed countries,she said,
[05:07.74]the need for currency is becoming more urgent.
[05:11.41]19  "Parents all over the world
[05:14.14]have an increasing awareness of the importance of learning,
[05:17.60]and that their children will need to be able to read and write
[05:21.24]and use numbers," Ms. Bruce said,
[05:24.40]"That means that instead of working with them in the fields,
[05:28.44]their 6-year-old is in school learning the alphabet and how to add and subtract.
[05:34.74]As there are usually no scholarships,
[05:37.18]the money to pay for school fees, uniforms,
[05:40.35]transportation and supplies must come from the parents' purse."
[05:45.86]The fact that many developing countries must trim money from public education
[05:51.33]as part of their debt-reduction plans
[05:53.89]creates further pressure on families, she said.
[05:57.56]20  One apparent exception to the general trends is Japan,
[06:03.07]where single-parent households
[06:05.59]and unmarried mothers have remained relatively rare.
[06:09.66]21  The Population Council report
[06:12.10]found that while most countries have done extensive research on women as mothers,
[06:17.79]men as fathers have been virtually invisible to researchers.
[06:22.44]But studies have found that although fathers' income
[06:26.47]usually exceeds mothers' income,
[06:28.63]women usually contribute a larger proportion of their income to their household,
[06:34.71]while men keep more for their personal use,
[06:38.78]such as for entertainment.
[06:40.65]22  Collecting child support
[06:43.39](money paid by divorced fathers to support their children) is also difficult.
[06:48.90]Among divorced fathers, three quarters in Japan,
[06:52.71]almost two thirds in Argentina,half in Malaysia
[06:57.18]and two fifths in the United States do not pay child support, the report said.

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