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[00:00.00]喜欢hxen.com，请把hxen.com放在QQ资料上，多谢支持！  Passage 1-10 before listening toeach one,
[00:04.55]you will have time to read questions related to it.
[00:08.12]While listening
[00:10.50]answer each question by choosing A.B.C or D.
[00:17.11]After listening,
[00:19.51]you will have time to check your answer.
[00:22.41]You will have each piece once only.
[00:26.02]Passage 1
[00:27.82]Friends play an important role in our lives,
[00:31.11]and although we may take the fact of friendship for granted,
[00:34.82]we often don't clearly understand how we make friends.
[00:38.90]While we may get on well with other people,
[00:41.69]we are only friends with a few.
[00:44.17]For example,
[00:45.95]the average among students is about six per person.
[00:49.63]Initially,
[00:51.23]much depends on how people meet and on favorable first impressions.
[00:56.42]As we get to know people,
[00:59.04]we take into account things like age,race,
[01:02.72]economic and social status and intelligence.
[01:06.51]Although these factors are not of prime importance,
[01:10.30]it is more difficult to relate to people
[01:13.17]when there is a marked difference in age and background.
[01:17.24]Some relationships thrive on argument and discussion,
[01:21.32]but it is usual for close friends to have similar ideas and beliefs,
[01:25.81]to have attitudes and interests in common
[01:29.10]they sometimes talk about "being on the same wavelength".
[01:32.89]It generally takes time to reach this point,
[01:35.97]although sometimes people click immediately.
[01:38.87]The more intimately involved people become,
[01:42.27]the more they rely on each other.
[01:44.99]People want to do friends favors and hate to let them down.
[01:48.88]Equally,friends have to learn to make allowances for each other,
[01:53.19]to put up with irritating habits
[01:56.17]and to tolerate differences of opinion.
[02:41.85]Passage 2
[02:43.76]When it rains or snows,some of the water is retained by the soil,
[02:49.95]some is absorbed by vegetation,
[02:52.96]some evaporates,and the remainder,
[02:56.25]which reaches stream channels,is called runoff.
[03:00.35]Floods occur when soil and vegetation can not absorb all the water;
[03:05.76]water then runs off the land in quantities
[03:09.75]and can't be carried in stream channels
[03:13.25]or retained in natural ponds and constructed reservoirs.
[03:18.56]About 30% of all precipitation is runoff,
[03:23.15]and this amount is increased by melting snow masses.
[03:27.54]Periodic floods occur naturally on many rivers,
[03:32.32]forming an area known as the flood plain.
[03:35.93]These river floods often result from the heavy rain,
[03:39.74]sometimes combined with melting snow,
[03:43.03]which causes the rivers to overflow their banks;
[03:47.03]a flood that rises and falls rapidly
[03:50.74]with little or no advanced warning is called a flash flood.
[03:55.34]Flash floods usually result from intense rainfall over a relatively small area.
[04:01.32]Coastal areas are occasionally flooded by unusually high tides
[04:06.91]induced by the winds over ocean surfaces,
[04:11.40]or by tidal waves caused by undersea earthquakes.
[04:17.10]Passage 3
[04:45.39]In his youth,Sam wanted to learn many languages,
[04:50.27]to know everything about human history,
[04:53.15]and to become wise by reading great books.
[04:56.72]When he first came from Europe to the state of North Dakota,
[05:00.72]he worked in a small mill and studied all evening.
[05:04.93]Then he met Lena Wesselius and married her at the age of eighteen.
[05:10.02]After that there was a farm to pay for,
[05:13.39]and there were children to feed.
[05:15.59]For many years,Sam had no time to study.
[05:18.98]Finally,he had a farm that was free from debt, with good soil and plenty of animals.
[05:25.59]But by then he was sixty-three years old and ready to die.
[05:29.59]His wife was dead.
[05:31.57]His sons had grown up and gone away.
[05:34.18]His work was done and he was unneeded and alone.
[05:38.18]Sam's daughter and son-in-law begged him to live with them,
[05:42.78]but he refused.
[05:44.87]"No",he said,"You must learn to be independent.
[05:48.94]You will come and live here on my farm,
[05:51.82]and you will pay me four hundred dollars a year for the use of it.
[05:56.21]But I will not live here with you.
[05:58.71]I will watch you from my hill.
[06:01.09]He built himself a small house on the hill,
[06:05.09]where he cooked his meals,made his bed and read many books from public library.
[06:10.57]He began to feel that he was more free than ever before in his life.
[07:03.47]Passage 4
[07:06.19]It is my honor to introduce today's guest lecturer,
[07:10.29]Dr.C.Henry Taylor,
[07:12.88]a colleague who is so well-known to all of us
[07:16.69]for his many accomplishments
[07:19.77]and contributions to the field of architecture and planning
[07:24.29]that it hardly seems necessary to recount them here.
[07:28.37]Nevertheless,as custom,
[07:31.34]I will summarize his long experience as a prelude to his address.
[07:36.33]Dr.Taylor received his B.A.degree
[07:39.62]in urban history at Yale University in 1955.
[07:44.72]Five years later, he was awarded a master's degree in architecture
[07:49.89]and a Ph.D. in urban design from Cornell University.
[07:54.88]Upon graduation,
[07:57.39]he accepted a teaching position in the Department of Architecture
[08:02.38]and Fine Arts at Illinois University
[08:06.27]where he was promoted to chairman of the Department in 1969.
[08:12.49]Last year Dr.Taylor resigned from the university
[08:17.27]in order to accept a research position
[08:20.85]with the Department of Housing and Urban Development in Washington
[08:25.55]as Director of Planning.
[08:28.16]Today,Dr.Taylor will speak to us about federal regulations
[08:33.65]for urban development,
[08:36.36]and frankly,I know of no one who is more qualified to address the subject.
[08:42.24]Ladies and gentlemen,let's welcome Dr.Henry Taylor,
[08:46.84]a well-known scholar and designer.
[09:20.33]Passage 5
[09:23.23]If you have been on campus for very long,
[09:27.12]I am certain that you have heard about this course.
[09:30.70]You may know that last semester,
[09:34.09]about 50% of the students who enrolled in my class failed.
[09:38.59]Let me explain how this came about
[09:41.56]before you jump to any conclusions.
[09:44.54]In the first place,
[09:46.55]since this is a composition class,
[09:49.45]I expect my students to follow certain rules of formality.
[09:53.84]Unfortunately, students today don't like to follow any rules of formality,
[09:59.12]especially those they may feel to be unnecessary.
[10:02.62]For example,
[10:04.63]I asked that each of your papers be typed and centered on thepaper correctly.
[10:09.83]I count off points for various kinds of mistakes.
[10:13.33]A misspelled word will cost you five points.
[10:16.72]You have lost 25 points if you misspelled five words.
[10:21.04]If you write an incomplete sentence,you have lost 10 points.
[10:25.14]If you give me two complete sentences as one
[10:28.82]without adequate punctuation,you have lost 15 points.
[10:33.23]I don't accept late papers.
[10:36.03]You will receive zero for any theme you fail to submit on time.
[10:40.52]I expect you to read any assignment.
[10:43.63]To make certain you have read the assignment,
[10:46.71]I will give unannounced quiz from time to time.
[10:50.29]This class meets on Mondays,Wednesdays and Fridays.
[10:54.47]You will have a total of six tests through the semester.
[10:58.18]Your final grade will be based on an average of these major tests,
[11:02.88]the pop tests,and eighteen written themes.
[11:06.67]If you have any question at any time,
[11:09.57]you can see me on Tuesdays.
[11:12.37]My office is on second floor of the building.
[11:16.05]Your assignment for Wednesday
[11:18.56]is to read Hemingway's short story on page 55.
[11:22.84]Friday will be the last class day of the week,
[11:26.73]so you can be expected to write a short in-class theme for me then.
[11:31.02]That's all for today.
[11:32.82]I'II see you on Wednesday.
[12:03.33]Passage 6
[12:08.74]Animals perform many useful and entertaining jobs.
[12:13.13]Dogs are particularly valuable in guiding the blind,
[12:17.33]protecting property, fining lost people, and hunting criminals.
[12:23.42]Horses are used in guarding herds,
[12:26.63]carrying men in lands
[12:29.32]when there are no roads and helping farmers work their lands.
[12:34.13]Pigeons have long been used to carry messages.
[12:37.73]Dogs are extremely useful as companions for blind people.
[12:42.62]When a dog has been properly trained,
[12:46.30]he will always lead its blind master in the right direction
[12:51.00]and keep him out of danger.
[12:53.90]For example,
[12:55.99]seeing-eye dogs learn never to cross a busy road
[12:59.91]when cars are coming,even if their masters command them to do so.
[13:05.11]Horses are also able to learn a lot of things.
[13:09.39]Horses that are used for guards or police duty
[13:13.60]must learn never to be frightened of noises,traffic and other disturbances.
[13:22.19]Racing horses are able to learn much faster than other horses.
[13:27.29]Therefore it is necessary for those who train them
[13:31.39]to be very patient and understanding.
[13:34.58]Pigeons have a natural instinct to return home,
[13:39.77]even if they are far away and the trip is very hard and dangerous.
[13:45.08]Menutilize this instinct to send messages on small pieces of paper
[13:50.88]which are fastened to the pigeon's back or legs.
[13:55.27]In wartime,pigeons have been known to fly as fast as 75 miles an hour
[14:02.16]and to cover distance of 500 to 600 miles.
[14:06.76]People have realized
[14:09.95]that although animals may not have the intelligence as human beings,
[14:15.56]they are smart enough to left many things.
[15:16.85]Passage 7
[15:19.22]N:You know,Brian,
[15:21.34]it doesn't look like you have  vacuumed the living room
[15:24.92]or cleaned the bathroom.
[15:27.19]B:No,I haven't.Ugh, I had a worst day. I am so tired.
[15:33.49]Look,I promise I'll do it this weekend.
[15:36.99]N:Listen,I know the feeling.I am tired,too.
[15:41.17]But I came home and did my share of the housework.
[15:44.85]I mean,that's "the agreement", right?
[15:48.66]B:All right,we agreed.I'll do it in a minute.  N:Come on.
[15:53.55]Don't be that way.You know,I should not have to ask you to do anything.
[15:58.96]I mean,we both work,we both live in the house,
[16:03.06]we agreed that housework is both of our responsibilities.
[16:07.05]I don't like to have to keep reminding you about it.
[16:10.95]It makes me feels like an old nag or something.
[16:14.76]B:Sometimes you are an old nag.   N:Oh,great!
[16:18.26]B:No,it's just that I don't notice when things get dirty as you do.
[16:23.46]Look,all you have to do is tell me,and I'll do it.
[16:27.06]N:No,I don't want to be put in that position.
[16:30.85]I mean,you can see dirt as well as I can.
[16:34.25]Otherwise I mean, that put all the responsibility on me.
[16:38.16]B:It's just that cleanliness is not a high priority with me.
[16:42.34]There are other things I would much rather do.
[16:45.32]Besides,the living room floor does not look that dirty.  N:Brian.
[16:50.42]B:Just a couple crumbs.
[17:19.60]Passage 8
[17:21.69]The need for birth control methods has developed fairly recently,
[17:26.28]with the desire among many women
[17:28.97]to be able to decide when they want to have a baby.
[17:32.47]At the same time,
[17:34.48]there's a growing awareness of the problem of a rapidly increasing world population
[17:40.68]This problem of a rising world population
[17:44.78]is largely the result of improved medical skills,
[17:48.38]which have lowered the death rate
[17:51.18]and the same time raised the birth rate by increasing live births
[17:55.88]and the number of babies who survive early childhood.
[17:59.67]There is a growing realization that food production
[18:03.25]can not keep pace with these increases,
[18:06.46]the result of which is that in some countries
[18:09.75]people are already starving to death
[18:12.86]while many millions more suffer from malnutrition.
[18:16.54]This problem is further complicated by the fact that places like America and Europe
[18:22.42]obtain by trade
[18:24.80]and consume far more food and resources like oil than say theaverage Indian,
[18:30.70]thus leaving even less for the people in the underdeveloped area to survive on.
[18:35.69]World population is rising at a rate of 2% a year;
[18:40.29]this means an addition of 70 million people a year
[18:44.18] to the present population of more than 3,500  million.
[18:49.17]There are striking regional differences in the population growth trends.
[18:53.69]The fastest growing region is Latin America
[18:57.08]which includes South and Central America and the Caribbean,
[19:01.18]while Africa and Asia closely follow Latin America.
[19:05.29]However the largest absolute addition to the world population is in Asia
[19:10.59]which at present contains about three-fifths of the people of the world.
[19:48.88] Passage 9
[19:51.29]In 1626,Manhattan Island was purchased from the Indians by Peter Minuit.
[19:57.69]It cost about $2,400.
[20:01.87]At first,it was called New Amsterdam by the Dutch settlers.
[20:07.25]Later it was renamed New York by the English.
[20:11.35]The city grew rapidly.
[20:13.96]There were several reasons for this,
[20:16.86]but the most important one is its location.
[20:20.54]New York is situated on the best American harbor on the Atlantic Ocean.
[20:26.42]It also lies on the Hudson River
[20:29.64]which allows water transportation into the middle of the United States.
[20:34.62]Today New York has a population of approximately eight million.
[20:39.43]The city has groups from many races.
[20:43.14]It is famous for its Chinatown.
[20:46.22]It also has the largest Jewish population of any city outside Israel.
[20:51.84]After the blacks were released from slavery,
[20:55.63]a large number of them moved into cities like New York,
[20:59.94]Philadelphia,and Washington.
[21:02.84]More recently,people from Puerto Rico have done the same thing.
[21:07.83]New York is made up of five boroughs.
[21:12.03]The Bronx is the only one located on the mainland,
[21:16.34]with Brooklyn, Richmond,and Queensbeing on islands.
[21:20.94]It is a large manufacturing center
[21:24.44]because factories can be located near good water transportation.
[21:29.14]Two of the main businesses
[21:32.04]are the clothing industry and the printing industry .
[21:35.83]Most large publishing companies have their headquarters there.
[21:40.14]The city is often lauded for its large number of cultural attractions
[21:45.94]Among them are the Broadway theaters,
[21:49.44]the opera,the art museum and historic sites.
[21:54.04]Of course,
[21:55.73]it also offers sports fans a chance to sit and tensely watch a live game.
[22:01.14]One of the most famous landmarks is the Empire State Building.
[22:06.03]More 15,000 people work here every year.
[22:09.63]At 1,250 feet it is one of the tallest buildings in the world.
[22:15.93]But New York is a constantly changing city
[22:19.43]and this building is no longer the tallest one in the city.
[22:23.32]The 1,350-foot World Trade Center has taken itsplace.
[22:52.32]Passage 10
[22:54.80]M:You have been in a university before,haven't you?
[22:58.69]W:Yes,in Britain.
[23:00.78]M:How do students go about getting jobs when they graduate?
[23:05.19]W:Well,most universities have a Careers Advice Service.
[23:10.18]I used to know the people in the Careers Service in Newcastle University
[23:15.38]and they seem fairly successfully in finding jobs for students.
[23:19.77]They are able to get jobs for 30-40% of new graduates.
[23:25.05]M:That seems a fairly low percentage.
[23:28.34]W:It is not if you consider the various other options which they take up.
[23:33.22]For example,there are a fair number of people
[23:37.19]who go into further study for master's degree,
[23:40.98]either at the same university or other university.
[23:45.29]Then a second group of people,
[23:47.88]who,instead of taking a career job immediately after university,
[23:53.39]decide to take time off,maybe see the world.
[23:57.78]Well,there is a third group,
[24:00.68]who can not actually get the jobs they want,
[24:03.97]and who maybe take something else in the meanwhile.
[24:07.76]So when I say 30-40% find jobs through the Careers Service,
[24:13.06]that doesn't mean only that number find jobs.
[24:17.27]A lot of other people find jobs through the newspapers.
[24:21.65]M:So it is quite really high.
[24:24.45]W:Oh,I think so.
[24:26.64]And quite a lot of other people of course
[24:30.33]look in newspapersand other particularjournals or magazines
[24:35.13]which advertise jobs in the fields they are interested in.