1999年6月大学英语六级考试真题及参考答案
日期:2007-10-16
Part I Listening Comprehension (20 minutes)Section A Directions:
In this section, you will hear 10 short conversations. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the question will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A), B), C) and D), and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre. Example:
You will hear:
You will read: A) 2 hours.
B) 3 hours.
C) 4 hours.
D) 5 hours. From the conversation we know that the two are talking about some work they will start at 9 o'clock in the morning and have to finish at 2 in the afternoon. Therefore, D)"5 hours"is the correct answer. You should choose [D] on the Answer Sheet and mark it with a single line through the centre.
Sample Answer [A] [B] [C] [D]
1. A) The man attended the concert, but didn't like it.
B) The man was sorry to miss the football game.
C) The man is more interested in football than in classical music.
D) The man was sorry that he didn't attend the concert. 2. A) Singing loudly.
B) Listening to music.
C) studying.
D) Talking on the phone. 3. A) She can't receive any calls.
B) She can't make any calls.
C) It doesn't work at all.
D) It's beyond repair. 4. A) Tom is very responsible. C) What Tom said is true.
B) Tom's words aren't reliable. D) Tom is not humorous at all. 5. A) How to use a camera. C) How to use a keyboard.
B) How to use a washer. D) How to use a tape recorder. 6. A) They should put the meeting to an end.
B) They should hold another meeting to discuss the matter.
C) She would like to discuss another item.
D) She wants to discuss the issue again later. 7. A) He believes the Browns have done a sensible thing.
B) He doesn't think the Browns should move to another place.
C) He doesn't think the Browns' investment is a wise move.
D) He believes it is better for the Browns to invest later. 8. A) He may convert it and use it as a restaurant.
B) He may pull it down and build a new restaurant.
C) He may rent it out for use as a restaurant.
D) He may sell it to the owner of a restaurant. 9. A) She doesn't like the way the professor lectures.
B) She's having a hard time following the professor's lectures.
C) She is not interested in the course.
D) She's having difficulty with the heavy reading assignments. 10. A) He never keeps his promises. C) He has changed his mind.
B) He is crazy about parties. D) He is not sociable. Section B Compound Dictation 注意： 听力理解的 B 节 ( Section B ) 为复合式听写 ( Compound Dictation ) ，题目在试卷二上。现在请取出试卷二。 Part II Reading Comprehension (35 minutes) Directions:
There are 4 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre. Questions 11 to 15 are based on the following passage: We sometimes think humans are uniquely vulnerable to anxiety, but stress seems to affect the immune defenses of lower animals too. In one experiment, for example, behavioral immunologist (免疫学家) Mark Laudenslager, at the University of Denver, gave mild electric shocks to 24 rats. Half the animals could switch off the current by turning a wheel in their enclosure, while the other half could not. The rats in the two groups were paired so that each time one rat turned the wheel it protected both itself and its helpless partner from the shock. Laudenslager found that the immune response was depressed below normal in the helpless rats but not in those that could turn off the electricity. What he has demonstrated, he believes, is that lack of control over an event, not the experience itself, is what weakens the immune system.
Other researchers agree. Jay Weiss, a psychologist at Duke University School of Medicine, has shown that animals who are allowed to control unpleasant stimuli don't develop sleep disturbances or changes in brain chemistry typical of stressed rats. But if the animals are confronted with situations they have no control over, they later behave passively when faced with experiences they can control. Such findings reinforce psychologists' suspicions that the experience or perception of helplessness is one of the most harmful factors in depression.
One of the most startling examples of how the mind can alter the immune response was discovered by chance. In 1975 psychologist Robert Ader at the University of Rochester School of Medicine conditioned (使形成条件反射) mice to avoid saccharin（糖精）by simultaneously feeding them the sweetener and injecting them with a drug that while suppressing their immune systems caused stomach upsets. Associating the saccharin with the stomach pains, the mice quickly learned to avoid the sweetener. In order to extinguish this dislike for the sweetener, Ader re-exposed the animals to saccharin, this time without the drug, and was astonished to find that those mice that had received the highest amounts of sweetener during their earlier conditioning died. He could only speculate that he had so successfully conditioned the rats that saccharin alone now served to weaken their immune systems enough to kill them.
11. Laudenslager's experiment showed that the immune system of those rats who could turn off the electricity .
A) was strengthened C) was altered
B) was not affected D) was weakened 12. According to the passage, the experience of helplessness causes rats to .
A) try to control unpleasant stimuli B) turn off the electricity
C) behave passively in controllable situations D) become abnormally suspicious 13. The reason why the mice in Ader's experiment avoided saccharin was that .
A) they disliked its taste B) it affected their immune systems
C) it led to stomach pains D) they associated it with stomachaches 14. The passage tells us that the most probable reason for the death of the mice in Ader's experiment was that .
A) they had been weakened psychologically by the saccharin
B) the sweetener was poisonous to them
C) their immune systems had been altered by the mind
D) they had taken too much sweetener during earlier conditioning 15. It can be concluded from the passage that the immune systems of animals .
A) can be weakened by conditioning B) can be suppressed by drug injections
C) can be affected by frequent doses of saccharin D) can be altered by electric shocks Questions 16 to 20 are based on the following passage:
The destruction of our natural resources and contamination of our food supply continue to occur, largely because of the extreme difficulty in affixing (把…固定) legal responsibility on those who continue to treat our environment with reckless abandon (放任). Attempts to prevent pollution by legislation, economic incentives and friendly persuasion have been met by lawsuits, personal and industrial denial and long delays - not only in accepting responsibility, but more importantly, in doing something about it.
It seems that only when government decides it can afford tax incentives or production sacrifices is there any initiative for change. Where is industry's and our recognition that protecting mankind's great treasure is the single most important responsibility? If ever there will be time for environmental health professionals to come to the frontlines and provide leadership to solve environmental problems, that time is now.
We are being asked, and, in fact, the public is demanding that we take positive action. It is our responsibility as professionals in environmental health to make the difference. Yes, the ecologists, the environmental activists and the conservationists serve to communicate, stimulate thinking and promote behavioral change. However, it is those of us who are paid to make the decisions to develop, improve and enforce environmental standards, I submit, who must lead the charge.
We must recognize that environmental health issues do not stop at city limits, county lines, state or even federal boundaries. We can no longer afford to be tunnel-visioned in our approach. We must visualize issues from every perspective to make the objective decisions. We must express our views clearly to prevent media distortion and public confusion.
I believe we have a three-part mission for the present. First, we must continue to press for improvements in the quality of life that people can make for themselves. Second, we must investigate and understand the link between environment and health. Third, we must be able to communicate technical information in a form that citizens can understand. If we can accomplish these three goals in this decade, maybe we can finally stop environmental degradation, and not merely hold it back. We will then be able to spend pollution dollars truly on prevention rather than on bandages.
16. We can infer from the first two paragraphs that the industrialists disregard environmental protection chiefly because .
A) they are unaware of the consequences of what they are doing
B) they are reluctant to sacrifice their own economic interests
C) time has not yet come for them to put due emphasis on it
D) it is difficult for them to take effective measures 17. The main task now facing ecologists, environmental activists and conservationists is . A) to prevent pollution by legislation, economic incentives and persuasion
B) to arouse public awareness of the importance of environmental protection
C) to take radical measures to control environmental pollution
D) to improve the quality of life by enforcing environmental standards 18. The word "tunnel-visioned" (Line 2, Para. 4) most probably means " ".
A) narrow-minded C) short-sighted B) blind to the facts
D) able to see only one aspect 19. Which of the following, according to the author, should play the leading role in the solution of environmental problems?
A) Legislation and government intervention.
B) The industry's understanding and support.
C) The efforts of environmental health professionals.
D) The cooperation of ecologists, environmental activists and conservationists.
20. Which of the following is true according to the last paragraph?
A) Efforts should be exerted on pollution prevention instead of on remedial measures.
B) More money should be spent in order to stop pollution.
C) Ordinary citizens have no access to technical information on pollution.
D) Environmental degradation will be stopped by the end of this decade.
Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage: British universities, groaning under the burden of a huge increase in student numbers, are warning that the tradition of a free education is at risk. The universities have threatened to impose an admission fee on students to plug a gap in revenue if the government does not act to improve their finances and scrap some public spending cutbacks.
The government responded to the universities' threat by setting up the most fundamental review of higher education for a generation, under a non-party troubleshooter (调停人), Sir Ron Dearing.
One in three school-leavers enters higher education, five times the number when the last review took place thirty years ago
Everyone agrees a system that is feeling the strain after rapid expansion needs a lot more money - but there is little hope of getting it from the taxpayer and not much scope for attracting more finance from business.
Most colleges believe students should contribute to tuition costs, something that is common elsewhere in the world but would mark a revolutionary change in Britain. Universities want the government to introduce a loan scheme for tuition fees and have suspended their own threatened action for now. They await Dearing's advice, hoping it will not be too late - some are already reported to be in financial difficulty.
As the century nears its end, the whole concept of what a university should be is under the microscope. Experts ponder how much they can use computers instead of classrooms, talk of the need for lifelong learning and refer to students as "consumers."
The Confederation (联盟) of British Industry, the key employers' organization, wants even more expansion in higher education to help fight competition on world markets from booming Asian economies. But the government has doubts about more expansion. The Times newspaper agrees, complaining that quality has suffered as student numbers soared, with close tutorial supervision giving way to "ass production methods more typical of European universities."
21. The chief concern of British universities is .
A) how to tackle their present financial difficulty
B) how to expand the enrollment to meet the needs of enterprises
C) how to improve their educational technology
D) how to put an end to the current tendency of quality deterioration 22. We can learn from the passage that in Britain .
A) the government pays dearly for its financial policy
B) universities are mainly funded by businesses
C) higher education is provided free of charge
D) students are ready to accept loan schemes for tuition 23. What was the percentage of high school graduates admitted to universities in Britain thirty years ago?
A) 20% or so. C) Above 30%.
B) About 15%. D) Below 10%. 24. It can be inferred from the passage that .
A) the British government will be forced to increase its spending on higher education
B) British employers demand an expansion in enrollment at the expense of quality
C) the best way out for British universities is to follow their European counterparts
D) British students will probably have to pay for their higher education in the near future 25. Which of the following is the viewpoint of the Times newspaper?
A) Expansion in enrollment is bound to affect the quality of British higher education.
B) British universities should expand their enrollment to meet the needs of industry.
C) European universities can better meet the needs of the modern world.
D) British universities should help fight competition on world markets. Questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage: There's a simple premise behind what Larry Myers does for a living: If you can smell it, you can find it.
Myers is the founder of Auburn University's Institute for Biological Detection Systems, the main task of which is to chase the ultimate in detection devices - an artificial nose.
For now, the subject of their research is little more than a stack of gleaming chips tucked away in a laboratory drawer. But soon, such a tool could be hanging from the belts of police, arson (纵火) investigators and food-safety inspectors.
The technology that they are working on would suggest quite reasonably that, within three to five years, we'll have some workable sensors ready to use. Such devices might find wide use in places that attract terrorists. Police could detect drugs, bodies and bombs hidden in cars, while food inspectors could easily test food and water for contamination.
The implications for revolutionary advances in public safety and the food industry are astonishing. But so, too, are the possibilities for abuse: Such machines could determine whether a woman is ovulating (排卵), without a physical exam - or even her knowledge.
One of the traditional protectors of American liberty is that it has been impossible to search everyone. That's getting not to be the case.
Artificial biosensors created at Auburn work totally differently from anything ever seen before. AromaScan, for example, is a desktop machine based on a bank of chips sensitive to specific chemicals that evaporate into the air. As air is sucked into the machine, chemicals pass over the sensor surfaces and produce changes in the electrical current flowing through them. Those current changes are logged into a computer that sorts out odors based on their electrical signatures.
Myers says they expect to load a single fingernail-size chip with thousands of odor receptors (感受器), enough to create a sensor that's nearly as sensitive as a dog's nose. 26. Which of the following is within the capacity of the artificial nose being developed? A) Performing physical examinations.
B) Locating places which attract terrorists.
C) Detecting drugs and water contamination.
D) Monitoring food processing. 27. A potential problem which might be caused by the use of an artificial nose is .
A) negligence of public safety C) a hazard to physical health
B) an abuse of personal freedom D) a threat to individual privacy 28. The word "logged" (Line 5, Para. 7) most probably means " ".
A) preset C) processed
B) entered D) simulated 29. To produce artificial noses for practical use, it is essential .
A) to develop microchips with thousands of odor receptors
B) to invent chips sensitive to various chemicals
C) to design a computer program to sort out smells
D) to find chemicals that can alter the electrical current passing through
30. The author's attitude towards Larry Myers' work is .
A) cautious C) suspicious
B) approving D) overenthusiastic Part III Vocabulary (20 minutes) Directions:
There are 30 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Choose the ONE that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre. 31. When people are asked what kind of housing they need or want, the question a variety of answers.
A) defies C) mediates
B) magnifies D) evokes 32. If you want to set up a company, you must with the regulations laid down by the authorities.
A) comply C) confirm
B) adhere D) accord 33. Although there are occasional outbreaks of gunfire, we can report that the rebellion has in the main been .
A) canceled C) suppressed
B) destroyed D) restrained 34. Since the two countries couldn't their differences, they decided to stop their negotiations.
A) rectify C) reconcile
B) oblige D) obscure 35. The presidential candidate his position by winning several primary elections.
A) enforced C) intensified
B) enriched D) consolidated 36. The fuel of the continental missile is supposed to be by this device.
A) ignited C) fired
B) lighted D) inspired
37. Mike just discovered that his passport had three months ago.
A) abolished C) amended
B) expired D) constrained 38. Frankly speaking, your article is very good except for some mistakes in grammar.
A) obscure C) trivial
B) glaring D) rare 39. There was once an idea that the earth was flat and motionless.
A) absurd C) eternal
B) intrinsic D) offensive 40. Certain species disappeared or became as new forms arose that were better adapted to the Earth's changing environment.
A) feeble C) massive
B) extinct D) extinguished 41. His directions confused us; we did not know which of the two roads to take.
A) ambiguous C) arbitrary
B) complicated D) intricate 42. Franklin D. Roosevelt argued that the depression stemmed from the American economy's flaws.
A) underlining C) vulgar
B) vulnerable D) underlying 43. Some studies confirmed that this kind of eye disease was in tropical countries.
A) prospective C) provocative
B) prevalent D) perpetual 44. I am afraid that you have to alter your views in light of the tragic news that has just arrived.
A) indifferent C) optimistic
B) distressing D) pessimistic 45. Although he has had no formal education, he is one of the businessmen in the company. A) shrewdest C) nastiest
B) sternest D) alertest 46. Stop shouting! I can't hear the football .
A) judgement C) commentary
B) interpretation D) explanation 47. The cultures of China and Japan have shared many features, but each has used them according to its national .
A) engagement C) capacity
B) destiny D) temperament 48. Every member of society has to make a to struggle for the freedom of the country. A) pledge C) resolve B) warranty D) guarantee 49. I was deeply impressed by the hostess' and enjoyed the dinner party very much.
A) hostility C) hospitality
B) indignation D) humanity 50. David tends to feel useless and unwanted in a society that gives so much to those who compete well.
A) prestige C) superiority
B) regime D) legislation 51. As you have seen, the value of a nation's currency is a of its economy.
A) reaction C) response
B) reflection D) revelation 52. In the Spring Export Commodities Fair the of fine china attracted much attention of customers from all over the world. A) succession C) string B) array D) procession 53. We should make a clear between the two scientific terms for the purpose of our discussion.
A) separation C) deviation
B) discrimination D) distinction 54. The terrorists might have planted a bomb on a plane in Athens, set to when it arrived in New York.
A) go off C) come off
B) get off D) carry off 55. We should be able to do the job for you quickly, you give us all the necessary information.
A) in case C) or else
B) provided that D) as if 56. The younger person's attraction to stereos cannot be explained only familiarity with technology.
A) in quest of C) in terms of
B) by means of D) by virtue of 57. Attempts to persuade her to stay after she felt insulted were .
A) in no way C) at a loss
B) on the contrary D) of no avail 58. By signing the lease we made a to pay a rent of $150 a week.
A) conception C) commitment
B) commission D) confinement 59. To prevent flooding in winter the water flowing from the dam is constantly by a computer.
A) graded C) conducted
B) managed D) monitored 60. Many people think of deserts as regions, but numerous species of plants and animals have adapted to life there.
A) virgin C) void
B) barren D) wretched Part IV Cloze (15 minutes)Directions:
There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D) on the right side of the paper. You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre.Most people who travel long distances complain of jetlag (喷气飞行时差反应). Jetlag makes business travelers less productive and more prone 61 making mistakes. It is actually caused by 62 of your "body clock" - a small cluster of brain cells that controls the timing of biological 63 . The body clock is designed for a 64 rhythm of daylight and darkness, so that it is thrown out of balance when it 65 daylight and darkness at the "wrong" times in a new time zone. The 66 of jetlag often persist for days 67 the internal body clock slowly adjusts to the new time zone. Now a new anti-jetlag system is 68 that is based on proven 69 pioneering scientific research. Dr. Martin Moore-Ede has 70 a practical strategy to adjust the body clock much sooner to the new time zone 71 controlled exposure to bright light. The time zone shift is easy to accomplish and eliminates 72 of the discomfort of jetlag. A successful time zone shift depends on knowing the exact times to either 73 or avoid bright light. Exposure to light at the wrong time can actually make jetlag worse. The proper schedule 74 light exposure depends a great deal on 75 travel plans. Data on a specific flight itinerary (旅行路线) and the individual's sleep 76 are used to produce a Trip Guide with 77 on exactly when to be exposed to bright light. When the Trip Guide calls 78 bright light you should spend time outdoors if possible. If it is dark outside, or the weather is bad, 79 you are on an aeroplane, you can use a special light device to provide the necessary light 80 for a range of activities such as reading, watching TV or working.61. A) for C) to B) from D) of
62. A) rupture C) eruption B) corruption D) disruption
63. A) actions C) reflection B) functions D) behavior
64. A) regular C) continual B) formal D) circular
65. A) retains C) possesses B) encounters D) experiences
66. A) diseases C) signs B) symptoms D) defects
67. A) while C) if B) whereas D) although
68. A) adaptable C) available B) approachable D) agreeable
69. A) broad C) tentative B) inclusive D) extensive
70. A) devised C) scrutinized B) recognized D) visualized
71. A) at C) in B) through D) as
72. A) most C) little B) least D) more
73. A) attain C) retrieve B) shed D) seek
74. A) on C) for B) with D) in
75. A) unique C) complicated B) specific D) peculiar
76. A) norm C) pattern B) mode D) style
77. A) directories C) specifications B) instructions D) commentaries
78. A) off C) for B) on D) up
79. A) or C) but B) and D) while
80. A) agitation C) acceleration B) spur D) stimulus 试卷二 Part I Section B Compound Dictation Directions:
In this section, you will hear a passage three times. When the passage is read for the first time, you should listen carefully for its general idea. Then listen to the passage again. When the passage is read for the second time, you are required to fill in the blanks numbered from S1 to S7 with the exact words you have just heard. For blanks numbered from S8 to S10 you are required to fill in the missing information. You can either use the exact words you have just heard or write down the main points in your own words. Finally, when the passage is read for the third time, you should check what you have written. President Clinton later today joins (S1) presi- dents Ford, Carter and Bush at "the president's summit for America's future" (S2) at recruiting one million volunteer tutors to provide after-school, weekend and summer reading help for up to three million children. Mr. Clinton will ask Congress this coming week for nearly three (S3) dollars to fund a five-year program called "America Reads". The program would fund the (S4) efforts of 20 thousand reading (S5) and it would also give (S6) to help parents help children read by the third grade, or about age eight. During his Saturday radio (S7) , the president explained why the program is important: "We need 'America Reads' and we need it now. Studies show that if the fourth-graders fail to read well, (S8) . But, 40 percent of them still can't read at a basic level." Volunteer tutors, who provide community service in exchange for college funding, are being used in literacy and tutoring programs. (S9) . The president says many of the Philadelphia summit's corporate sponsors will recruit tutors. (S10) . . Part V Writing (30 minutes) Directions:
For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic Reading Selectively Or Extensively? You should write at least 120 words, and base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below: 1. 有人认为读书要有选择
2. 有人认为应当博览群书
3. 我的看法
参考答案：
Part I Listening Comprehension
Section A 1-10 CBABADCADC
Section B
Sl former S2 aimed S3 billion S4 coordination
S5 specialists S6 grants S7 address
58 they're likely to drop out of school and less likely to succeed in life.
59 the program, initiated by President Clinton, has come under criticism by Congress.
S 10 Dozens of colleges and universities are prepared to send thousands of their students in support of the program.
Part II Reading Comprehension
11B 12C 13D 14C 15A 16B 17B 18D 19C 20 C
21 A 22 C 23 D 24 D 25 A 26 C 27 D 28 B 29 A 30 B
Part III Vocabulary
31 D 32 A 33 C 34 C 35 D 36 A 37 B 38 C 39 A 40 B
41 A 42 D 43 B 44 C 45 A 46 C 47 D 48 A 49 C 50 A
51 B 52 B 53 D 54 A 55 B 56 C 57 D 58 C 59 D 60 B
Part IV Cloze
61 C 62 D 63 B 64 A 65 D 66 B 67 A 68 C 69 C 70 A
71 B 72 A 73 A 74 C 75 B 76 C 77 B 78 C 79 A 80 D
Part V Writing (略)
In this section, you will hear 10 short conversations. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the question will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A), B), C) and D), and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre. Example:
You will hear:
You will read: A) 2 hours.
B) 3 hours.
C) 4 hours.
D) 5 hours. From the conversation we know that the two are talking about some work they will start at 9 o'clock in the morning and have to finish at 2 in the afternoon. Therefore, D)"5 hours"is the correct answer. You should choose [D] on the Answer Sheet and mark it with a single line through the centre.
Sample Answer [A] [B] [C] [D]
1. A) The man attended the concert, but didn't like it.
B) The man was sorry to miss the football game.
C) The man is more interested in football than in classical music.
D) The man was sorry that he didn't attend the concert. 2. A) Singing loudly.
B) Listening to music.
C) studying.
D) Talking on the phone. 3. A) She can't receive any calls.
B) She can't make any calls.
C) It doesn't work at all.
D) It's beyond repair. 4. A) Tom is very responsible. C) What Tom said is true.
B) Tom's words aren't reliable. D) Tom is not humorous at all. 5. A) How to use a camera. C) How to use a keyboard.
B) How to use a washer. D) How to use a tape recorder. 6. A) They should put the meeting to an end.
B) They should hold another meeting to discuss the matter.
C) She would like to discuss another item.
D) She wants to discuss the issue again later. 7. A) He believes the Browns have done a sensible thing.
B) He doesn't think the Browns should move to another place.
C) He doesn't think the Browns' investment is a wise move.
D) He believes it is better for the Browns to invest later. 8. A) He may convert it and use it as a restaurant.
B) He may pull it down and build a new restaurant.
C) He may rent it out for use as a restaurant.
D) He may sell it to the owner of a restaurant. 9. A) She doesn't like the way the professor lectures.
B) She's having a hard time following the professor's lectures.
C) She is not interested in the course.
D) She's having difficulty with the heavy reading assignments. 10. A) He never keeps his promises. C) He has changed his mind.
B) He is crazy about parties. D) He is not sociable. Section B Compound Dictation 注意： 听力理解的 B 节 ( Section B ) 为复合式听写 ( Compound Dictation ) ，题目在试卷二上。现在请取出试卷二。 Part II Reading Comprehension (35 minutes) Directions:
There are 4 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre. Questions 11 to 15 are based on the following passage: We sometimes think humans are uniquely vulnerable to anxiety, but stress seems to affect the immune defenses of lower animals too. In one experiment, for example, behavioral immunologist (免疫学家) Mark Laudenslager, at the University of Denver, gave mild electric shocks to 24 rats. Half the animals could switch off the current by turning a wheel in their enclosure, while the other half could not. The rats in the two groups were paired so that each time one rat turned the wheel it protected both itself and its helpless partner from the shock. Laudenslager found that the immune response was depressed below normal in the helpless rats but not in those that could turn off the electricity. What he has demonstrated, he believes, is that lack of control over an event, not the experience itself, is what weakens the immune system.
Other researchers agree. Jay Weiss, a psychologist at Duke University School of Medicine, has shown that animals who are allowed to control unpleasant stimuli don't develop sleep disturbances or changes in brain chemistry typical of stressed rats. But if the animals are confronted with situations they have no control over, they later behave passively when faced with experiences they can control. Such findings reinforce psychologists' suspicions that the experience or perception of helplessness is one of the most harmful factors in depression.
One of the most startling examples of how the mind can alter the immune response was discovered by chance. In 1975 psychologist Robert Ader at the University of Rochester School of Medicine conditioned (使形成条件反射) mice to avoid saccharin（糖精）by simultaneously feeding them the sweetener and injecting them with a drug that while suppressing their immune systems caused stomach upsets. Associating the saccharin with the stomach pains, the mice quickly learned to avoid the sweetener. In order to extinguish this dislike for the sweetener, Ader re-exposed the animals to saccharin, this time without the drug, and was astonished to find that those mice that had received the highest amounts of sweetener during their earlier conditioning died. He could only speculate that he had so successfully conditioned the rats that saccharin alone now served to weaken their immune systems enough to kill them.
11. Laudenslager's experiment showed that the immune system of those rats who could turn off the electricity .
A) was strengthened C) was altered
B) was not affected D) was weakened 12. According to the passage, the experience of helplessness causes rats to .
A) try to control unpleasant stimuli B) turn off the electricity
C) behave passively in controllable situations D) become abnormally suspicious 13. The reason why the mice in Ader's experiment avoided saccharin was that .
A) they disliked its taste B) it affected their immune systems
C) it led to stomach pains D) they associated it with stomachaches 14. The passage tells us that the most probable reason for the death of the mice in Ader's experiment was that .
A) they had been weakened psychologically by the saccharin
B) the sweetener was poisonous to them
C) their immune systems had been altered by the mind
D) they had taken too much sweetener during earlier conditioning 15. It can be concluded from the passage that the immune systems of animals .
A) can be weakened by conditioning B) can be suppressed by drug injections
C) can be affected by frequent doses of saccharin D) can be altered by electric shocks Questions 16 to 20 are based on the following passage:
The destruction of our natural resources and contamination of our food supply continue to occur, largely because of the extreme difficulty in affixing (把…固定) legal responsibility on those who continue to treat our environment with reckless abandon (放任). Attempts to prevent pollution by legislation, economic incentives and friendly persuasion have been met by lawsuits, personal and industrial denial and long delays - not only in accepting responsibility, but more importantly, in doing something about it.
It seems that only when government decides it can afford tax incentives or production sacrifices is there any initiative for change. Where is industry's and our recognition that protecting mankind's great treasure is the single most important responsibility? If ever there will be time for environmental health professionals to come to the frontlines and provide leadership to solve environmental problems, that time is now.
We are being asked, and, in fact, the public is demanding that we take positive action. It is our responsibility as professionals in environmental health to make the difference. Yes, the ecologists, the environmental activists and the conservationists serve to communicate, stimulate thinking and promote behavioral change. However, it is those of us who are paid to make the decisions to develop, improve and enforce environmental standards, I submit, who must lead the charge.
We must recognize that environmental health issues do not stop at city limits, county lines, state or even federal boundaries. We can no longer afford to be tunnel-visioned in our approach. We must visualize issues from every perspective to make the objective decisions. We must express our views clearly to prevent media distortion and public confusion.
I believe we have a three-part mission for the present. First, we must continue to press for improvements in the quality of life that people can make for themselves. Second, we must investigate and understand the link between environment and health. Third, we must be able to communicate technical information in a form that citizens can understand. If we can accomplish these three goals in this decade, maybe we can finally stop environmental degradation, and not merely hold it back. We will then be able to spend pollution dollars truly on prevention rather than on bandages.
16. We can infer from the first two paragraphs that the industrialists disregard environmental protection chiefly because .
A) they are unaware of the consequences of what they are doing
B) they are reluctant to sacrifice their own economic interests
C) time has not yet come for them to put due emphasis on it
D) it is difficult for them to take effective measures 17. The main task now facing ecologists, environmental activists and conservationists is . A) to prevent pollution by legislation, economic incentives and persuasion
B) to arouse public awareness of the importance of environmental protection
C) to take radical measures to control environmental pollution
D) to improve the quality of life by enforcing environmental standards 18. The word "tunnel-visioned" (Line 2, Para. 4) most probably means " ".
A) narrow-minded C) short-sighted B) blind to the facts
D) able to see only one aspect 19. Which of the following, according to the author, should play the leading role in the solution of environmental problems?
A) Legislation and government intervention.
B) The industry's understanding and support.
C) The efforts of environmental health professionals.
D) The cooperation of ecologists, environmental activists and conservationists.
20. Which of the following is true according to the last paragraph?
A) Efforts should be exerted on pollution prevention instead of on remedial measures.
B) More money should be spent in order to stop pollution.
C) Ordinary citizens have no access to technical information on pollution.
D) Environmental degradation will be stopped by the end of this decade.
Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage: British universities, groaning under the burden of a huge increase in student numbers, are warning that the tradition of a free education is at risk. The universities have threatened to impose an admission fee on students to plug a gap in revenue if the government does not act to improve their finances and scrap some public spending cutbacks.
The government responded to the universities' threat by setting up the most fundamental review of higher education for a generation, under a non-party troubleshooter (调停人), Sir Ron Dearing.
One in three school-leavers enters higher education, five times the number when the last review took place thirty years ago
Everyone agrees a system that is feeling the strain after rapid expansion needs a lot more money - but there is little hope of getting it from the taxpayer and not much scope for attracting more finance from business.
Most colleges believe students should contribute to tuition costs, something that is common elsewhere in the world but would mark a revolutionary change in Britain. Universities want the government to introduce a loan scheme for tuition fees and have suspended their own threatened action for now. They await Dearing's advice, hoping it will not be too late - some are already reported to be in financial difficulty.
As the century nears its end, the whole concept of what a university should be is under the microscope. Experts ponder how much they can use computers instead of classrooms, talk of the need for lifelong learning and refer to students as "consumers."
The Confederation (联盟) of British Industry, the key employers' organization, wants even more expansion in higher education to help fight competition on world markets from booming Asian economies. But the government has doubts about more expansion. The Times newspaper agrees, complaining that quality has suffered as student numbers soared, with close tutorial supervision giving way to "ass production methods more typical of European universities."
21. The chief concern of British universities is .
A) how to tackle their present financial difficulty
B) how to expand the enrollment to meet the needs of enterprises
C) how to improve their educational technology
D) how to put an end to the current tendency of quality deterioration 22. We can learn from the passage that in Britain .
A) the government pays dearly for its financial policy
B) universities are mainly funded by businesses
C) higher education is provided free of charge
D) students are ready to accept loan schemes for tuition 23. What was the percentage of high school graduates admitted to universities in Britain thirty years ago?
A) 20% or so. C) Above 30%.
B) About 15%. D) Below 10%. 24. It can be inferred from the passage that .
A) the British government will be forced to increase its spending on higher education
B) British employers demand an expansion in enrollment at the expense of quality
C) the best way out for British universities is to follow their European counterparts
D) British students will probably have to pay for their higher education in the near future 25. Which of the following is the viewpoint of the Times newspaper?
A) Expansion in enrollment is bound to affect the quality of British higher education.
B) British universities should expand their enrollment to meet the needs of industry.
C) European universities can better meet the needs of the modern world.
D) British universities should help fight competition on world markets. Questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage: There's a simple premise behind what Larry Myers does for a living: If you can smell it, you can find it.
Myers is the founder of Auburn University's Institute for Biological Detection Systems, the main task of which is to chase the ultimate in detection devices - an artificial nose.
For now, the subject of their research is little more than a stack of gleaming chips tucked away in a laboratory drawer. But soon, such a tool could be hanging from the belts of police, arson (纵火) investigators and food-safety inspectors.
The technology that they are working on would suggest quite reasonably that, within three to five years, we'll have some workable sensors ready to use. Such devices might find wide use in places that attract terrorists. Police could detect drugs, bodies and bombs hidden in cars, while food inspectors could easily test food and water for contamination.
The implications for revolutionary advances in public safety and the food industry are astonishing. But so, too, are the possibilities for abuse: Such machines could determine whether a woman is ovulating (排卵), without a physical exam - or even her knowledge.
One of the traditional protectors of American liberty is that it has been impossible to search everyone. That's getting not to be the case.
Artificial biosensors created at Auburn work totally differently from anything ever seen before. AromaScan, for example, is a desktop machine based on a bank of chips sensitive to specific chemicals that evaporate into the air. As air is sucked into the machine, chemicals pass over the sensor surfaces and produce changes in the electrical current flowing through them. Those current changes are logged into a computer that sorts out odors based on their electrical signatures.
Myers says they expect to load a single fingernail-size chip with thousands of odor receptors (感受器), enough to create a sensor that's nearly as sensitive as a dog's nose. 26. Which of the following is within the capacity of the artificial nose being developed? A) Performing physical examinations.
B) Locating places which attract terrorists.
C) Detecting drugs and water contamination.
D) Monitoring food processing. 27. A potential problem which might be caused by the use of an artificial nose is .
A) negligence of public safety C) a hazard to physical health
B) an abuse of personal freedom D) a threat to individual privacy 28. The word "logged" (Line 5, Para. 7) most probably means " ".
A) preset C) processed
B) entered D) simulated 29. To produce artificial noses for practical use, it is essential .
A) to develop microchips with thousands of odor receptors
B) to invent chips sensitive to various chemicals
C) to design a computer program to sort out smells
D) to find chemicals that can alter the electrical current passing through
30. The author's attitude towards Larry Myers' work is .
A) cautious C) suspicious
B) approving D) overenthusiastic Part III Vocabulary (20 minutes) Directions:
There are 30 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Choose the ONE that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre. 31. When people are asked what kind of housing they need or want, the question a variety of answers.
A) defies C) mediates
B) magnifies D) evokes 32. If you want to set up a company, you must with the regulations laid down by the authorities.
A) comply C) confirm
B) adhere D) accord 33. Although there are occasional outbreaks of gunfire, we can report that the rebellion has in the main been .
A) canceled C) suppressed
B) destroyed D) restrained 34. Since the two countries couldn't their differences, they decided to stop their negotiations.
A) rectify C) reconcile
B) oblige D) obscure 35. The presidential candidate his position by winning several primary elections.
A) enforced C) intensified
B) enriched D) consolidated 36. The fuel of the continental missile is supposed to be by this device.
A) ignited C) fired
B) lighted D) inspired
37. Mike just discovered that his passport had three months ago.
A) abolished C) amended
B) expired D) constrained 38. Frankly speaking, your article is very good except for some mistakes in grammar.
A) obscure C) trivial
B) glaring D) rare 39. There was once an idea that the earth was flat and motionless.
A) absurd C) eternal
B) intrinsic D) offensive 40. Certain species disappeared or became as new forms arose that were better adapted to the Earth's changing environment.
A) feeble C) massive
B) extinct D) extinguished 41. His directions confused us; we did not know which of the two roads to take.
A) ambiguous C) arbitrary
B) complicated D) intricate 42. Franklin D. Roosevelt argued that the depression stemmed from the American economy's flaws.
A) underlining C) vulgar
B) vulnerable D) underlying 43. Some studies confirmed that this kind of eye disease was in tropical countries.
A) prospective C) provocative
B) prevalent D) perpetual 44. I am afraid that you have to alter your views in light of the tragic news that has just arrived.
A) indifferent C) optimistic
B) distressing D) pessimistic 45. Although he has had no formal education, he is one of the businessmen in the company. A) shrewdest C) nastiest
B) sternest D) alertest 46. Stop shouting! I can't hear the football .
A) judgement C) commentary
B) interpretation D) explanation 47. The cultures of China and Japan have shared many features, but each has used them according to its national .
A) engagement C) capacity
B) destiny D) temperament 48. Every member of society has to make a to struggle for the freedom of the country. A) pledge C) resolve B) warranty D) guarantee 49. I was deeply impressed by the hostess' and enjoyed the dinner party very much.
A) hostility C) hospitality
B) indignation D) humanity 50. David tends to feel useless and unwanted in a society that gives so much to those who compete well.
A) prestige C) superiority
B) regime D) legislation 51. As you have seen, the value of a nation's currency is a of its economy.
A) reaction C) response
B) reflection D) revelation 52. In the Spring Export Commodities Fair the of fine china attracted much attention of customers from all over the world. A) succession C) string B) array D) procession 53. We should make a clear between the two scientific terms for the purpose of our discussion.
A) separation C) deviation
B) discrimination D) distinction 54. The terrorists might have planted a bomb on a plane in Athens, set to when it arrived in New York.
A) go off C) come off
B) get off D) carry off 55. We should be able to do the job for you quickly, you give us all the necessary information.
A) in case C) or else
B) provided that D) as if 56. The younger person's attraction to stereos cannot be explained only familiarity with technology.
A) in quest of C) in terms of
B) by means of D) by virtue of 57. Attempts to persuade her to stay after she felt insulted were .
A) in no way C) at a loss
B) on the contrary D) of no avail 58. By signing the lease we made a to pay a rent of $150 a week.
A) conception C) commitment
B) commission D) confinement 59. To prevent flooding in winter the water flowing from the dam is constantly by a computer.
A) graded C) conducted
B) managed D) monitored 60. Many people think of deserts as regions, but numerous species of plants and animals have adapted to life there.
A) virgin C) void
B) barren D) wretched Part IV Cloze (15 minutes)Directions:
There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D) on the right side of the paper. You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre.Most people who travel long distances complain of jetlag (喷气飞行时差反应). Jetlag makes business travelers less productive and more prone 61 making mistakes. It is actually caused by 62 of your "body clock" - a small cluster of brain cells that controls the timing of biological 63 . The body clock is designed for a 64 rhythm of daylight and darkness, so that it is thrown out of balance when it 65 daylight and darkness at the "wrong" times in a new time zone. The 66 of jetlag often persist for days 67 the internal body clock slowly adjusts to the new time zone. Now a new anti-jetlag system is 68 that is based on proven 69 pioneering scientific research. Dr. Martin Moore-Ede has 70 a practical strategy to adjust the body clock much sooner to the new time zone 71 controlled exposure to bright light. The time zone shift is easy to accomplish and eliminates 72 of the discomfort of jetlag. A successful time zone shift depends on knowing the exact times to either 73 or avoid bright light. Exposure to light at the wrong time can actually make jetlag worse. The proper schedule 74 light exposure depends a great deal on 75 travel plans. Data on a specific flight itinerary (旅行路线) and the individual's sleep 76 are used to produce a Trip Guide with 77 on exactly when to be exposed to bright light. When the Trip Guide calls 78 bright light you should spend time outdoors if possible. If it is dark outside, or the weather is bad, 79 you are on an aeroplane, you can use a special light device to provide the necessary light 80 for a range of activities such as reading, watching TV or working.61. A) for C) to B) from D) of
62. A) rupture C) eruption B) corruption D) disruption
63. A) actions C) reflection B) functions D) behavior
64. A) regular C) continual B) formal D) circular
65. A) retains C) possesses B) encounters D) experiences
66. A) diseases C) signs B) symptoms D) defects
67. A) while C) if B) whereas D) although
68. A) adaptable C) available B) approachable D) agreeable
69. A) broad C) tentative B) inclusive D) extensive
70. A) devised C) scrutinized B) recognized D) visualized
71. A) at C) in B) through D) as
72. A) most C) little B) least D) more
73. A) attain C) retrieve B) shed D) seek
74. A) on C) for B) with D) in
75. A) unique C) complicated B) specific D) peculiar
76. A) norm C) pattern B) mode D) style
77. A) directories C) specifications B) instructions D) commentaries
78. A) off C) for B) on D) up
79. A) or C) but B) and D) while
80. A) agitation C) acceleration B) spur D) stimulus 试卷二 Part I Section B Compound Dictation Directions:
In this section, you will hear a passage three times. When the passage is read for the first time, you should listen carefully for its general idea. Then listen to the passage again. When the passage is read for the second time, you are required to fill in the blanks numbered from S1 to S7 with the exact words you have just heard. For blanks numbered from S8 to S10 you are required to fill in the missing information. You can either use the exact words you have just heard or write down the main points in your own words. Finally, when the passage is read for the third time, you should check what you have written. President Clinton later today joins (S1) presi- dents Ford, Carter and Bush at "the president's summit for America's future" (S2) at recruiting one million volunteer tutors to provide after-school, weekend and summer reading help for up to three million children. Mr. Clinton will ask Congress this coming week for nearly three (S3) dollars to fund a five-year program called "America Reads". The program would fund the (S4) efforts of 20 thousand reading (S5) and it would also give (S6) to help parents help children read by the third grade, or about age eight. During his Saturday radio (S7) , the president explained why the program is important: "We need 'America Reads' and we need it now. Studies show that if the fourth-graders fail to read well, (S8) . But, 40 percent of them still can't read at a basic level." Volunteer tutors, who provide community service in exchange for college funding, are being used in literacy and tutoring programs. (S9) . The president says many of the Philadelphia summit's corporate sponsors will recruit tutors. (S10) . . Part V Writing (30 minutes) Directions:
For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic Reading Selectively Or Extensively? You should write at least 120 words, and base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below: 1. 有人认为读书要有选择
2. 有人认为应当博览群书
3. 我的看法
参考答案：
Part I Listening Comprehension
Section A 1-10 CBABADCADC
Section B
Sl former S2 aimed S3 billion S4 coordination
S5 specialists S6 grants S7 address
58 they're likely to drop out of school and less likely to succeed in life.
59 the program, initiated by President Clinton, has come under criticism by Congress.
S 10 Dozens of colleges and universities are prepared to send thousands of their students in support of the program.
Part II Reading Comprehension
11B 12C 13D 14C 15A 16B 17B 18D 19C 20 C
21 A 22 C 23 D 24 D 25 A 26 C 27 D 28 B 29 A 30 B
Part III Vocabulary
31 D 32 A 33 C 34 C 35 D 36 A 37 B 38 C 39 A 40 B
41 A 42 D 43 B 44 C 45 A 46 C 47 D 48 A 49 C 50 A
51 B 52 B 53 D 54 A 55 B 56 C 57 D 58 C 59 D 60 B
Part IV Cloze
61 C 62 D 63 B 64 A 65 D 66 B 67 A 68 C 69 C 70 A
71 B 72 A 73 A 74 C 75 B 76 C 77 B 78 C 79 A 80 D
Part V Writing (略)